Category Archives: China National Cyber Security Strategy

Chinese Military Focusing on Future Wars and Fighting the “Five Battles” of Cognition

中國軍隊聚焦未來戰爭打好認知“五場戰役”

外國現代英文音譯:

Most of the local wars and armed conflicts in recent years have been “hybrid” confrontations carried out in multiple dimensions and fields, emphasizing the use of military, political, economic and other means to implement systematic control in the dimension of comprehensive decision-making, creating all kinds of chaos in the dimension of international communication, and creating various chaos in the dimension of international communication. Conduct targeted strikes in the strategic focus dimension, actively shape the battlefield situation, and seek to seize the strategic initiative. In future wars, in order to successfully fight political and military battles and military and political battles, we should deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of offensive and defensive operations in the cognitive domain and improve our ability to fight the “five battles” well.

Be proactive in cognitive operations, shape the situation and control the situation, and fight proactively. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. With the continuous development and evolution of war forms, the status and role of cognitive domain operations continue to be highlighted. Aiming to win future wars, cognitive deployment should be carried out in advance. Through strategies, information, technology and other means and carriers, the physiological, psychological, values ​​and other cognitive factors of target objects should be affected, intervened and manipulated, and cognitive attack and defense should be used to cover military operations and accurately Efficiently dominate cognitive space. Fully understand the importance of being first, grasp the definition and interpretation power of “narrative” flexibly and autonomously, emphasize pre-emption to win the initiative in the cognitive narrative struggle dimension, create a favorable situation in which legal principles are in hand and morality is on our side, and occupy the moral commanding heights.

Cognitive operations focus on attacking the heart, and implement layered strategies to fight precise battles. “Those who are good at fighting will benefit others without killing them.” In future wars, the combat space will extend to the deep sea, deep space, deep network and other fields, and the battlefield space and time will present the characteristics of being extremely far, extremely small, extremely intelligent and uninhabited, invisible, and silent. We should keep a close eye on cognitive gaps to improve effectiveness, and use methods such as big data simulation, artificial intelligence matching, and psychological model evaluation to analyze and control the key information of cognitive subjects to achieve effective penetration and early deterrence of cognitive subject information. Closely focus on cognitive blind spots to enhance penetration, target the ideological consensus points, psychological connection points, and spiritual pillar points that maintain the unity of powerful enemy alliances to carry out effective strikes, and use their cognitive differences and interest conflicts to achieve differentiation and disintegration at all levels.

Based on cognitive combat strategies, we must penetrate the entire territory and fight for deterrence and control. In future wars, the strategic competition and tactical confrontation between the two warring parties will be extremely fierce. We should pay close attention to the decision-making process and make comprehensive efforts to increase the opponent’s decision-making dilemma and form our own decision-making advantages. On the one hand, we must pay more attention to key nodes such as the enemy’s decision-making center, command hub, reconnaissance and early warning system, and use advanced strike methods to physically destroy these nodes. On the other hand, we must pay more attention to the “soft kill” effects of cognitive shaping, cognitive induction, cognitive intervention and cognitive control, and embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction”, which not only creates a strong deterrent through precise strikes with high-tech weapons, but also integrates new qualities The combat power is expanded to the cognitive dimension, thus forming an asymmetric check and balance advantage.

Cognitive combat information is king, expand the field and fight for support. Future wars cannot be separated from strong information support, and system integration should be accelerated to gain data advantages. First of all, speed up the construction of cognitive offensive and defensive operations theory library, database, talent library, case library, and tactics library, dynamically collect and update the current status of the enemy’s cognitive offensive and defensive operations capabilities, and provide all-round support for cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Secondly, speed up the creation of the integrated media communication matrix, improve the self-owned platform system, speed up the deployment of network platforms, focus on system integration and collaboration, break down the “barriers” of information interconnection as soon as possible, and achieve cognitive integration and sharing, and comprehensive results. Thirdly, accelerate the coupling and linkage of information and cognitive domain operations, vigorously develop core technologies such as neural network systems, artificial intelligence applications, cognitive decision-making, psychological attack and defense, mine and analyze cross-domain and heterogeneous cognitive information, and improve the information fusion system of cognitive means to win the future. War provides “clairvoyance” and “early ears”.

Cognitive combat coordination is the key, and multi-dimensional efforts are used to fight the overall battle. Future wars are joint operations carried out in land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic and other fields. System thinking should be adhered to, the awareness of collaboration should be strengthened, and the compatibility and coordination of cognitive domain operations and other military operations should be improved. For example, it can integrate human intelligence, geographical intelligence, open source intelligence, etc., quickly collect and process massive data, remove falsehoods while retaining truth, seize cognitive space accurately and efficiently, achieve complementary advantages, and form cognitive advantages through full domain coverage. By networking dispersed multi-domain forces, we can establish an all-domain joint force with high connectivity, collective action, and overall attack to achieve the effect of “integrated deterrence.” By integrating national resources, strengthening strategic communication, using cognitive momentum to amplify the effects of political disruption, economic sanctions, and diplomatic offensives, and cooperating with military operations to put pressure on target targets in an all-round way, we strive to defeat the enemy without fighting.

(Author’s unit: University of Aerospace Engineering)

繁體中文國語:

近年來的局部戰爭和武裝衝突大多是多維度、多領域開展的「混合型」對抗,強調運用軍事、政治、經濟等手段在綜合決策維度實施系統控制,在國際交往的維度上製造各種混亂,在國際交往的維度上製造各種混亂。 戰略重點維度精準打擊,主動塑造戰場態勢,尋求奪取戰略主動權。 在未來戰爭中,要打好政治軍事鬥爭、軍事政治鬥爭,就必須深刻掌​​握認知域攻防作戰的特徵和規律,提升打好「五個戰役」的能力。

認知作戰主動出擊,塑造局勢、掌控局面,主動出擊。 在戰爭開始之前,認​​知是第一位的。 隨著戰爭形式的不斷發展與演變,認知域作戰的地位與角色不斷凸顯。 為了贏得未來戰爭,必須事先進行認知部署。 透過策略、資訊、技術等手段和載​​體,對目標對象的生理、心理、價值觀等認知因素進行影響、介入和操控,以認知攻防覆蓋軍事行動,精準高效主導認知空間。 充分認識先行的重要性,靈活自主地掌握「敘事」的定義和解釋權,強調先發制人,贏得認知敘事鬥爭維度的主動權,營造法理在手、道德在手的良好局面就在我們這邊,佔據道德高點。

認知作戰重在攻心,實施分層策略打精準戰。 “善戰者,利人而不害人。” 未來戰爭,作戰空間將延伸至深海、深空、深網等領域,戰場時空將呈現極遠、極小、極智、無人、隱形、無聲的特徵。 資訊. 緊緊圍繞認知盲點增強穿透力,針對維護強敵聯盟團結的思想共識點、心理連接點、精神支柱點進行有效打擊,利用其認知差異和利益衝突實現差異化和戰略性打擊。各個層面的瓦解。

基於認知作戰策略,我們必須滲透全境,爭取威懾和控制。 未來戰爭中,交戰雙方的戰略競爭和戰術對抗將會異常激烈。 要密切注意決策過程,綜合發力,增加對手決策困境,形成自己的決策優勢。 一方面,要更重視敵方決策中心、指揮樞紐、偵察預警系統等關鍵節點,採用先進打擊手段對這些節點進行物理摧毀。 另一方面,要更重視認知塑造、認知誘導、認知介入、認知控制的「軟殺傷」作用,將認知域作戰嵌入「硬殺傷」中,不僅透過精準打擊形成強大威懾。以高科技武器打擊的同時,也將新素質的戰鬥力擴展到認知維度,進而形成非對稱制衡優勢。

認知作戰資訊為王,拓展領域,爭取支援。 未來戰爭離不開強大的資訊支撐,應加快系統整合以獲得數據優勢。 首先,加速認知攻防作戰理論庫、資料庫、人才庫、案例庫、戰術庫建設,動態收集和更新敵方認知攻防作戰能力現狀,提供全方位對認知進攻和防禦行動的全面支持。 二是加快打造綜合媒體傳播矩陣,完善自有平台體系,加速網路平台部署,聚焦系統

各方融合協作,盡快打破資訊互聯互通的“壁壘”,實現認知融合共享、綜合成果。 第三是加速資訊與認知域運算耦合連結,大力發展神經網路系統、人工智慧應用、認知決策、心理攻防等核心技術,挖掘分析跨領域、異質認知訊息,完善認知手段資訊融合體系,贏得未來。 戰爭提供了「千里眼」和「早耳」。

認知作戰協同是關鍵,多維度發力打好整體戰。 未來戰爭是在陸、海、空、太空、網路、電磁等領域進行聯合作戰。 要堅持系統思維,強化協同意識,提高認知域作戰與其他軍事行動的兼容性和協調性。 例如,可以融合人類智慧、地理智慧、開源智慧等,快速擷取處理大量數據,去偽存真,精準高效搶佔認知空間,實現優勢互補,透過全域形成認知優勢覆蓋範圍。 透過將分散的多域力量聯網,建立高度連結、集體行動、整體出擊的全局聯合部隊,達到「一體化威懾」的效果。 透過整合國家資源,加強戰略溝通,利用認知動能放大政治擾亂、經濟制裁、外交攻勢的效果,配合軍事行動,全方位對目標對象施壓,力爭戰勝敵人不戰而屈人之兵。

(作者單位:航太工程大學)

來源:解放軍報 作者:楊龍喜 編輯:王峰 2022-10-08

中國軍用反衛星武器研製

Chinese Military Anti-Satellite Weapons Development

2021-06-24來源:政協

神舟十二號伸出機械臂的相關圖片傳出後,美媒隨即對相關信息進行了新一輪的報導,同時指出“這可能與神舟十二號的指揮官所言相同”。 美國太空軍之前就說過,中國可以俘虜美軍,衛星也是一樣,早在今年4月,美國太空軍司令部司令詹姆斯·迪金森將軍就在媒體鏡頭前公開宣稱,中國已經研製出 一顆配備大型機械臂的衛星,而中國正試圖將這顆衛星用於軍事目的,用來“抓取”美軍衛星。

那麼,什麼是反衛星技術?

理論上,哪裡有衛星,哪裡就有反衛星技術。 人造衛星分為三種,一種是科學衛星,一種是技術實驗衛星,第三種是應用衛星。 按用途可分為民用衛星和軍用衛星,軍用衛星又分為通信、氣象、偵察、導航、大地測量、攔截衛星等。

反衛星的原因

在現代戰爭中,天空對地面始終保持著巨大的作戰優勢。 人造衛星的出現,將這種優勢延伸到了外層空間。 在未來的戰爭中,誰能控制太空,誰就擁有戰爭的主動權。 成為各國軍事競爭的焦點。

人造衛星,特別是軍用人造衛星,由於速度快,每秒可飛行七八公里,90分鐘可繞地球一圈; 他們視野開闊,視野開闊,同樣的視角是飛機觀察的數万倍; 限制很少,可以自由飛越地球上的任何區域,在給己方帶來極大便利的同時,也給敵方帶來了巨大的潛在威脅。

因此,自1960年代以來,以美俄為代表的世界軍事強國都致力於研製“帶導反衛星”、“帶衛星反衛星”、“反衛星”等反衛星武器。 與能量”。 將其作為控制空間、消除威脅、奪取制空權的重要武器。

反衛星技術

反衛星技術是指從地面、空中或外太空攻擊敵方衛星的軍事技術。 目前,反衛星技術主要有核能反衛星技術、直升式動能反衛星技術、定向能反衛星技術和同軌反衛星技術。 核能反衛星技術殺傷距離大,技術門檻低,但因其產生的附帶傷害巨大,實用價值不大。 直升式動能反衛星技術可以看作是反導技術的延伸,是軍事強國廣泛採用的具有精確制導技術的反衛星手段。

以激光武器為代表的定向能反衛星技術和俘虜同軌反衛星技術不易產生空間碎片,可將低、中、高軌道衛星全部納入攻擊範圍, 具有很大的作戰應用潛力,已經獲得。 世界各國受寵,競相發展。 與此同時,電子對抗、網絡攻擊等隱蔽、隱形的衛星軟殺傷技術也逐漸顯現出鋒芒。

反衛星戰術

一般來說,反衛星戰術有四種:同軌、直升、定向能和電磁干擾。 主要通過反衛星衛星和反衛星導彈以及反衛星電子乾擾站來實現。

共軌反衛星武器發射到目標衛星的軌道上,對其進行跟踪,然後利用動能或核爆將其摧毀。 其作用距離遠,殺傷半徑大,即使在武器本身製導精度較差的情況下也能摧毀目標。 但它的缺點是精度低,反應慢,從發射到銷毀需要數天時間; 另外,核彈的附加殺傷效果大,容易對己方衛星造成威脅; 而且一旦使用,就有引發核戰爭的危險。

直升式反衛星導彈是指反衛星導彈不進入目標衛星軌道,僅依靠導彈上的小型跟踪器在目標衛星進入時直接發現目標衛星。

掠過長空,直接將其毀滅。

定向能反衛星是指利用激光、粒子束、高功率微波束等武器,以高能激光束、粒子束、微波束照射目標衛星,使其完全毀壞或使敏感電子元器件失效 並失去工作能力。 .

電磁干擾反衛星是利用衛星電子乾擾技術,阻止衛星與地面站之間的通信,從而達到使衛星失效的目的。 這是最早、最常見、最基本的反衛星戰術。

我國的反衛星技術

蘇聯是最早研製衛星技術的國家,美國是最早研製反衛星技術的國家。 世界反衛星技術史基本上就是兩國之間的一場較量。

我國從2005年開始進行反衛星試驗,前期主要以測試武器的功能為主。 雖然起步較晚,但並沒有落後。 在反衛星導彈和人造衛星方面取得了顯著成果。

2007年1月11日,我國在西昌衛星發射中心發射了一枚SC-19,又名DN-1。 導彈攜帶一枚動能彈頭,以每秒8公里的速度摧毀軌道高度。 長863公里、重750公斤的“風雲一號”氣象衛星已經報廢。 這是我國首次成功攔截人造衛星。 從此,我國正式進入反衛星技術領域。

隨後,我國先後研製了二代DN-2和三代DN-3兩種新型反衛星導彈,並分別於2013年5月和2017年7月23日進行了兩次成功試驗。DN的研製成功 -1、DN-2、DN-3反衛星導彈已實現低、中、高軌道全覆蓋,人造衛星基本在我國反衛星導彈的打擊範圍內。 技術已進入世界一流水平。

除了反衛星導彈,我國還研製了一顆衛星用於反衛星實驗。 衛星配備機械臂,可以改變軌道,對其他衛星進行全方位探測。 應用方便靈活。 技術開發的最新成果。

反衛星趨勢

為爭奪太空優勢和保障國家安全,反衛星武器和衛星防御之爭將愈演愈烈。 目前,反衛星技術主要在以下幾個方面發展:反衛星與反導相結合,發展導彈防禦系統,進一步提高動能武器的反衛星能力。

彈道導彈防禦系統與動能反衛星武器有著密不可分的關係,因為能夠在大氣層外攔截彈道導彈的武器都具有一定的反衛星能力。 導彈技術的發展推動反衛星技術的發展是當前國際反衛星的趨勢之一。

發展微型衛星,發揮反衛星能力。 現代微型衛星研製週期短、建設成本低、系統投資少、抗毀壞能力強、設備更新快。 它可以移動到地球同步軌道上的任意位置,甚至可以圍繞其他衛星進行近距離作戰和發動攻擊。 它有很大的潛力。

目前,以美國為首的軍事強國在反衛星武器研製上已經從裝載普通炸藥的“殺手”衛星和“微型尋的導彈”轉變為新概念武器。 定向能武器已經成為反衛星武器。 武器是新利器,其中激光反衛星武器是最具威懾力和最有效的武器。 激光反衛星武器的發展重點是陸基和天基反衛星技術。 軟硬結合,更加註重電子對抗等軟殺傷手段的運用。 傳統電子乾擾等軟殺傷技術的創新、發展和應用,通過研製可逆非物理反衛星武器,在一定時間內乾擾、欺騙或阻止目標衛星執行有效功能。 時間。 國家高度重視並不斷開發該領域。

目前,自主進近、交會對接等複雜航天技術已

適用於反衛星武器。 交會對接技術解決了這個問題。

(作者係全國政協委員、北方戰區某部總工程師

Modern English Translation:

2021-06-24Source: People’s Political Consultative Conference

After the related picture of Shenzhou 12 extending its mechanical arm came out, the US media immediately carried out a new round of reports on the relevant information, and pointed out at the same time that “this may be the same as what the commander of the US space force said before. China can capture the US military. The same is true for satellites. As early as April this year, General James Dickinson, commander of the U.S. Space Force Command, publicly declared in front of media cameras that China has developed a satellite equipped with a large robotic arm, and China is trying to use this satellite for military purposes. Used to “grab and capture” US military satellites.

So, what is anti-satellite technology?

In theory, where there are satellites, there is anti-satellite technology. There are three types of artificial satellites, one is scientific satellites, the other is technology experiment satellites, and the third is application satellites. According to the purpose, it can be divided into civilian satellites and military satellites, and military satellites are divided into communication, meteorology, reconnaissance, navigation, geodetic, interception satellites, etc.

The reason for anti-satellite

In modern warfare, the sky has always maintained a huge combat advantage over the ground. The emergence of artificial satellites has extended this advantage to outer space. In future wars, whoever can control space will have the initiative in war. It has become the focus of military competition among various countries.

Artificial satellites, especially military artificial satellites, fly seven or eight kilometers per second because of their fast speed, and can circle the earth in 90 minutes; they have a wide field of vision and a wide field of vision, and the same viewing angle is tens of thousands of times that of aircraft observation; there are few restrictions and they can fly over freely Any area on the earth, while bringing great convenience to one’s own side, also brings huge potential threats to the enemy.

Therefore, since the 1960s, the world’s military powers represented by the United States and Russia have been committed to the development of anti-satellite weapons such as “anti-satellite with guides”, “anti-satellite with satellites” and “anti-satellite with energy”. Take it as an important weapon for controlling space, eliminating threats, and seizing control of the sky.

Anti-satellite technology

Anti-satellite technology refers to military technology that attacks enemy satellites from the ground, air or outer space. At present, anti-satellite technologies mainly include nuclear energy anti-satellite, direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite, directed energy anti-satellite, and co-orbit anti-satellite technology. Nuclear energy anti-satellite technology has a large killing distance and low technical threshold, but because of the huge collateral damage it produces, its practical value is not great. The direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite technology can be regarded as an extension of the anti-missile technology, and it is an anti-satellite method widely used by military powers with precision guidance technology.

The directed energy anti-satellite technology represented by laser weapons and the captive co-orbit anti-satellite technology are not easy to generate space debris, and can include all low-, medium-, and high-orbit satellites in the attack range, which has great potential for combat application and has been obtained. Countries all over the world are favored and competing for development. At the same time, hidden and invisible satellite soft-killing technologies such as electronic countermeasures and network attacks are also gradually showing their edge.

Anti-satellite tactics

Generally speaking, there are four types of anti-satellite tactics: co-orbit, direct ascent, directed energy, and electromagnetic interference. It is mainly realized by anti-satellite satellites and anti-satellite missiles and anti-satellite electronic jamming stations.

Co-orbital anti-satellite weapons are launched into the orbit of the target satellite, track it, and then use kinetic energy or nuclear explosion to destroy it. It has a long range of action and a large killing radius, and it can still destroy the target even when the guidance accuracy of the weapon itself is poor. But its disadvantages are low accuracy, slow response, and it takes several days from launch to destruction; in addition, the additional damage effect of nuclear bombs is large, and it is easy to pose a threat to one’s own satellite; and once used, there is a danger of triggering a nuclear war .

The direct-ascent anti-satellite missile means that the anti-satellite missile does not enter the orbit of the target satellite, but only relies on the small tracker on the missile to directly find the target satellite when the target satellite passes over the sky, and directly destroys it.

Directed energy anti-satellite refers to the use of weapons such as lasers, particle beams, and high-power microwave beams to irradiate target satellites with high-energy laser beams, particle beams, and microwave beams to completely destroy them or disable sensitive electronic components and lose their ability to work. .

Electromagnetic interference anti-satellite is the use of satellite electronic interference technology to prevent communication between satellites and ground stations, thereby achieving the purpose of invalidating satellites. This is the earliest, most common, and most basic anti-satellite tactic.

my country’s anti-satellite technology

The Soviet Union was the first country to develop satellite technology, and the United States was the first country to develop anti-satellite technology. The history of world anti-satellite technology is basically a battle between the two countries.

my country started to conduct anti-satellite tests in 2005. In the early stage, it mainly focused on testing the functions of weapons. Although it started late, it did not lag behind. Remarkable results have been achieved in anti-satellite missiles and satellites.

On January 11, 2007, my country launched an SC-19, also known as DN-1, at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The missile carried a kinetic energy warhead and destroyed the orbital altitude at a speed of 8 kilometers per second. The “Fengyun-1” meteorological satellite, which is 863 kilometers long and weighs 750 kilograms, has been scrapped. This is the first time that my country has successfully intercepted an artificial satellite. Since then, my country has officially entered the field of anti-satellite technology.

Afterwards, my country successively developed two new anti-satellite missiles, the second-generation DN-2 and the third-generation DN-3, and conducted two successful tests in May 2013 and July 23, 2017. The successful research and development of DN-1, DN-2 and DN-3 anti-satellite missiles have fully covered low, medium and high orbits, and artificial satellites are basically within the strike range of my country’s anti-satellite missiles. Technology has entered the world-class level.

In addition to anti-satellite missiles, my country has also developed a satellite for anti-satellite experiments. The satellite is equipped with a mechanical arm, which can change orbits and perform all-round detection of other satellites. It is convenient and flexible in application. The latest achievements in technological development.

Anti-satellite trends

In order to compete for space superiority and ensure national security, the struggle for anti-satellite weapons and satellite defense will intensify. At present, anti-satellite technology is mainly developed in the following aspects: the combination of anti-satellite and anti-missile, and the development of missile defense system to further improve the anti-satellite capability of kinetic energy weapons.

There is an inseparable relationship between ballistic missile defense systems and kinetic energy anti-satellite weapons, because weapons capable of intercepting ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere all have anti-satellite capabilities to a certain extent. The development of missile technology to promote the development of anti-satellite technology is one of the current international anti-satellite trends.

Develop micro-satellites and exert their anti-satellite capabilities. Modern micro-satellites have a short development cycle, low construction costs, low system investment, strong anti-destruction capabilities, and fast equipment updates. It can move to any position on the geosynchronous orbit, and can even perform close operations around other satellites and launch attacks. It has great potential.

At present, the military powers headed by the United States have changed from the idea of ​​”killer” satellites loaded with ordinary explosives and “miniature homing missiles” to new concept weapons in the development of anti-satellite weapons. Directed energy weapons have become anti-satellite weapons. Weapons are new sharp weapons, and among them, laser anti-satellite weapons are the most deterrent and most effective weapons. The development of laser anti-satellite weapons focuses on ground-based and space-based anti-satellite technologies. Combine soft and hard, and pay more attention to the use of electronic countermeasures and other soft killing methods. The innovation, development, and application of traditional electronic jamming and other soft-kill technologies, through the development of reversible non-physical anti-satellite weapons, can interfere with, deceive, or prevent target satellites from performing effective functions within a certain period of time. Countries attach great importance to and continue to develop field of.

At present, complex aerospace technologies such as autonomous approach and rendezvous and docking have been applied to anti-satellite weapons. Rendezvous and docking technology solves this problem.

(The author is a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the chief engineer of a certain department in the northern theater)

Original Chinese Source: http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2021/06/24/ARTI1624501659719410.shtml

中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點

Chinese Military Focus on Cognitive Domain Warfare is the New Focus of Main Effort for Battlefield Confrontation

來源:人民網
認知域作戰是指運用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段,運用現代網絡、媒體、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術開展輿論宣傳。 、心理攻防,以及爭奪人心、顛覆信心、影響信仰、爭奪思想、意識形態鬥爭等重要形式,旨在爭奪人們在思想、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同、 和判斷傾向。 認知領域戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰、貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、意識形態戰等多領域戰的複雜集合。

目前,認知域作戰已經成為國家間軍事鬥爭和其他領域鬥爭的重要基礎,認知域目標驅動的語言對抗成為認知域作戰的重要形式,值得高度重視。 .

影響作戰對象的語言對策新前沿

認知領域作戰是當代認知科學研究和發展的伴隨成果。 它是人們積極探索大腦的認知活動,以期對大腦有更複雜、更抽象、更透徹的認識而產生的新戰場。 高級深度隱蔽活動是對行動對象影響的高端形式。 無論是信息行動的對象、信息的生產者、信息的內容本身,還是信息的傳播渠道,認知域中的操作都貫穿著認知的特徵,從一開始就突出認知層面的行動 結束。

從信息接收者的角度來看,這種認知是針對對手受眾的深度認知,包括其人民、軍隊、軍方指揮官或重要領導人、政商界重要人物,甚至直接包括 對方國家或軍隊的領導人。 具體的重要將領等,也可以是具體的人群或人群。 它可以涉及個人或群體的認知偏好、認知缺陷、認知習慣、認知偏見、認知誤解; 它還可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀、政治認同、族裔認同、社會和文化認同以及情感態度。

從信息提供者和內容的角度來看,應該融入信息生產者的認知設計和安排,包括對文本的獨特認知,如文本的話語方式、文本的敘述方式、 觀察事物的視角、敘述的認知重點和深度、句子的組織形式、句子的價值觀念傾向、句子概念的可接受性等。

在信息發布和傳播的渠道上,文本形式更接近多媒體多模態形式,更接近網絡空間的需要,更接近當代智能手機的優勢,更接近當前新興媒體時代的特徵,即 是,更符合受眾接受的認知特徵,即認知習慣和認知傾向。 文本的傳播形式充分考慮了國際傳播中的認知效應,尤其是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。 這樣,文本會更好地從認知層面影響受眾。

語言對抗應對戰鬥風格的變化並產生新的戰術

縱觀人類歷史,不難發現,軍事鬥爭的風格一直在不斷變化。 從最初借助冷兵器的肉搏戰,發展到機械力與熱兵器的較量,也發展到高科技戰爭條件下信息能力的製衡。 每一次變化都帶來戰術上的深刻變化。 在當前機械化、信息化、智能化並存的過渡階段,人們不僅關注戰場物理域和信息域的主導權爭奪,更關注對戰場主體的控制。 戰爭-人類認知領域,即思維方式、認知模式和風格、價值觀、情感態度、文化模式、溝通模式、心理優勢和劣勢、認知偏好、文化和知識圖譜以及意識形態認同。 後者涉及基本情況

對社會人事和社會存在的影響,即認知領域運作的新興領域,其策略具有很強的特殊性。

話題靈活性和機動性:認知域作戰可以在認知域中選擇多個話題進行靈活機動的作戰行動。 根據現狀和需要,選題可以選擇涉及比較宏觀的戰略層面(比如對方整個社會的意識形態和製度等),或者中等層面的運動層面(比如社會問題) 在對方社會的局部或方向:社會福利政策或環保政策等),也可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題(比如社會不公平、不公正、不美好的一面) 由某個人或特定事件反映)。 宏觀、中觀和微觀認知領域相互聯繫、相互轉化。 很可能一個微觀問題也會成為一個宏觀的戰略問題。 要根據與整個軍事行動的關係提出問題,認知域作戰要服從整體作戰行動,服務於宏觀政治外交形勢的需要。 更重要的是平時要準備好選題,平時要收集各種選題的數據,尤其要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。 一旦需要,這些數據可以迅速轉化為箭矢、子彈、砲彈射向敵人的認知領域,甚至成為影響全局的戰略武器。

作戰層面的可控性:認知戰的重要設計是在作戰層面整體可控可調,可以根據形勢變化進行升級或縮減。 如果需要戰略層面,指揮員可以啟用戰略層面的設計和兵力投入; 如果需要campaign級別,也可以在相應的campaign級別進行控制; 如果只是在特定的小問題層面需要,也可以控制在相應的小眾局部層面,讓整個操作為整體作戰操作的需要服務。 這裡的戰略、戰役和戰術,更多的是指作戰設計和力量投入。 由於戰場態勢瞬息萬變,一些問題在層面上也可能發生變化,從戰略問題到影響戰役和戰術層面的效果; 有些問題,由於戰術問題的特殊性,成為影響全局的戰役層面的問題。

新興媒體主導:認知領域的主要影響渠道已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向新興媒體。 傳統媒體主要依靠單一的媒介,如報紙、雜誌、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息; 後來的電視帶來了三維媒體。 在互聯網時代,尤其是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生,人們更多地依賴多媒體、多模態、短視頻和文字來傳遞信息。 智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等各種先進設備的問世,各種新型社交軟件和工具的誕生,使新媒體成為人們交流、溝通的主要工具。 新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為各種力量在社會保障、輿論保障、意識形態保障、社會保障、政治保障等方面較量和鬥爭的重要空間。 互聯網安全,尤其是對新興社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全把握能力,某種程度上是一個國家認知領域安全的關鍵。 新興媒體工具和新媒體空間的信息化已經成為各國認知戰的主戰場、主陣地和主空間。 值得指出的是,影響人們認知的思想和理論,將成為認知域運作各個層次上最具影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代,認知計算提升新算力

人工智能時代,在大數據分析與應用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力和新一代網絡通信能力的基礎上,人類開始能夠理解 整個社會和整個網絡。 對不同領域、地域群體、不同地域群體、特定個體的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為進行精準建模與分析。 尤其是人的內心深處

對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維方式、習慣偏好、圖像圖式、認知框架,甚至神經網絡、人機協作、腦控技術等的理解和掌握,只要有足夠多樣的動態數據, 人們可以計算和模擬所有人的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、輿論和行為模式。 通過深算、精算、巧算,準確把握人的認知世界,形成對人認知領域的理解。 精細而深入的控制。 這一方面呈現出以下特點:

計算全維性:認知領域作為一個新興領域,可以全方位數字化,可以全方位、全過程、全個體進行計算。 它可以廣泛收集各種類型的信息,然後將其反映為作戰對手多樣化主要因素的大數據信息,從而可以對整體、組、組、個體數據以及它們之間進行各種計算。 各種活動都可以通過計算完成、顯示和準確掌握。

計算認知:認知領域的計算體現了很強的認知能力,能夠揭示更多肉眼難以觀察到的各種事物、事件、人物之間的關係,能夠揭示同一事件框架下各種概念之間的關係。 概念之間的聚類和層次關係反映了概念之間或顯性或隱性、直接或間接的深層認知聯繫,揭示了概念之間複雜的概念網絡系統,讓人看到一個完全超越普通肉眼的深層認知世界 觀察。 .

計算智能:認知領域的計算體現了強智能。 這種智能表現在計算上,會得出智能的結論。 例如,通過大量文本的收集和數據挖掘,我們可以找到由於人力有限而無法看到的各種主題、觀點、傾向、人群、立場和訴求之間的關係,從而 對某個問題形成更全面的認識。 全面、深入、準確、系統的認識,做出科學優化的決策。 這種決策可能符合人類智能,也可能超過甚至遠遠超過人類智能。 利用好認知計算的力量,特別是結合本國和對手的數據,可以更好地做到早預防、早預警、早部署,可以做到最好、最好、最快、最準的打擊 和反擊。 也更能體現高效、有力、針對性的保障。 這裡的認知計算更多的是一個可能出現在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景、整個網絡域或局部網絡域、特定特定網絡域內的宏觀-中觀或微觀層面的問題。 團體。 特別是對與對手對局時雙方可能呈現的主動和被動情況的分析和考察,以及認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語權新應用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的支撐,即主要依靠語言媒介發揮作用,主要通過語篇層面發揮影響,主要通過語篇的敘事性對認知域形成隱性效應,主要 externing influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models 通過跨文化交際所發揮的潛在作用,顯性或隱性作用。 主要體現在以下幾個方面:

文本話語唯一性:認知領域需要信息來影響。 雖然信息可能依靠視頻畫面的特殊視覺效果來展現,但從根本上說,文本所表達的整合話語的獨特性成為認知衝擊的主要支撐。 其中,話語表達的方式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達的說服力和感染力的主要設計,尤其是話語敘事的獨特性,將是影響人們認知的關鍵。 這可能包括敘事視角、敘事主題、風格、敘事故事框架、敘事語言創新、敘事關鍵句,敘事包含哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等,以及敘事中不同參與者的身份,多樣化的內容。 評價敘事、真實性、深度和情感

敘事的溫度,敘事對觀點的潛移默化影響,以及敘事所釋放的個人情感、價值觀、意識形態和立場評價。 文本語篇的獨特性是文本在認知域操作中發揮認知影響的重要依托。 充分利用文本的複雜性,發揮不同文本各自的優勢,充分發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響,已成為文本話語認知領域作戰的關鍵。 最重要的是創新文本話語,以全新的話語、更新穎的表達方式、更獨特的表達方式贏得讀者,讓讀者潛移默化地理解和感受文本中的思想,並默默接受。 文字的思想。

文化模式的潛能:要在認知領域作戰,必須深入把握不同國家、民族文化的特點和模式。 不同的國家、不同的民族有著不同的文化模式、哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式等明顯不同; 不同文化的公民也有不同的民族心理和民族認知模式,也應該有屬於自己民族和文化的典型認知偏好,以及相應的缺點和弱點,其中一些明顯與其他民族在本民族中存在巨大差異 國,甚至產生誤解和敵意。 因此,在文化層面,認知領域的作戰,就是把握不同國家的整體文化模式,為不同國家的不同群體建立文化模式,為不同國家的不同事物建立不同的認知模式,全面掌握某一國家的文化模式。 一系列事物中的文化模式。 對問題和問題的整體態度和做事方式,特別是對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、一般觀念等,需要利用已有的理論和發現,綜合建構不同的基本表現 對一些典型的、敏感的、重要的問題進行認知領域的群體研究,從而為下一步的認知操作提供重要的參考和指導。 加強對敵不同人員特別是軍人、要職人員文化模式的研究,包括將軍、官兵等基本文化特徵和模型的研究與構建,如心理認知行為 人物和文化模型畫像,已經成為認知域操作的核心實踐。 分析普通民眾,尤其是普通公民和公民,以及特定人群,包括特殊NGO力量的認知模式也具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播:認知域操作是國際語言文化傳播,需要遵循國際傳播規律。 掌握國際傳播的基本範式,將本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合,將對方的語言文化與自己的故事和思想巧妙結合; 善於結合不同的藝術形式,包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂(聲音)、視頻等手段或多模態手段,實現信息的國際傳播。 同時,還要在戰略層面統籌多維度、宏觀溝通:運用多種手段,依托軍民融合、軍民協同、軍民融合開展溝通; 除了非政府組織,特別是依靠非政府力量、專家、意見領袖和普通民眾來幫助軍隊開展認知域作戰; 統一設置議題,發出多方位、多人、多方位的聲音,形成戰略溝通態勢,形成重大行動、重大問題、重大危機處置和應急處置的良好局面。 控制等,形成良好的輿論氛圍,產生積極影響,消除不利影響或消除不利影響。 尤其要建立一支精通外語、通曉跨文化、通曉國際交流規律、能在國際多維平台上暢所欲言的精幹團隊。 這些人員通常可以藉助常見或特殊問題進行廣泛的問題認知、收集和討論,建立人脈和粉絲群; 更重要的是,在關鍵時刻,通過自己的粉絲團,發揮影響力,完成戰略傳播任務。

目前,隨著混合戰、多域戰和全球戰的普及,認知域戰已經成為一種常見的混戰方式。 、法律戰發展的高級階段、複雜階段和升級階段。 它的興起更具欺騙性、曖昧性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性,特別是考慮到它與當代新興媒體的深度融合,不斷學習和借鑒多學科、跨學科、交叉的新思想、新技術、新方法。 於是,認知領域的戰鬥成為我們必須高度警惕的戰斗形式。 (國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師 梁曉波)

【本文為國家社科基金重大項目《國防和軍隊改革視角下的國防語言能力建設》的階段性成果】

Modern English Version:

Source: 

People’s Daily Online

Cognitive domain combat refers to the use of multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and the use of modern network, media, text, pictures, video, digital and other multi-dimensional technologies to carry out public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, and The important forms of fighting for people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle are intended to compete for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgmental tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of multi-domain warfare such as traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade war, diplomatic warfare, technological warfare, and ideological warfare.

At present, combat in the cognitive domain has become an important basis for military struggles and struggles in other fields between countries, and language confrontation driven by goals in the cognitive domain has become an important form of combat in the cognitive domain, which deserves great attention.

A New Frontier for Language Countermeasures to Influence on Objects of Operation

Cognitive domain combat is the accompanying result of the research and development of contemporary cognitive science. It is a new combat field created after people actively explore the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. Advanced deep covert activities are the high-end form of influence on the object of action. Regardless of whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the content of information itself, or the channel of information, operations in the cognitive domain all run through the characteristics of cognition, and highlight actions from the cognitive level from beginning to end.

From the perspective of the recipients of the information, this cognition is aimed at the deep cognition of the opponent’s audience, including its people, the army, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly including the leaders of the opponent’s country or the military. Specific important generals, etc., can also be specific groups of people or people. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, ethnic identity, social and cultural identity and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the information provider and content, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the perspective of observation of things, the narrative Cognitive focus and depth, organizational form of sentences, tendencies such as value concepts of sentences, acceptability of concepts of sentences, etc.

In terms of channels for information distribution and dissemination, the form of text is closer to the multimedia multimodal form, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smartphones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, more in line with the audience The cognitive characteristics of acceptance are cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies. The form of dissemination of the text fully considers the cognitive effect in international communication, especially the cognitive communication across cultures, languages, media, and groups. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from the cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical fight with the help of cold weapons, it has developed into a contest of mechanical power with hot weapons, and has also developed into a check and balance of information capabilities under the conditions of high-tech warfare. Every change brings about profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of co-existence of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the struggle for dominance in the physical domain and information domain of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the main body of war-human cognitive domain, that is, the way of thinking, Cognitive models and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication models, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain operations exerting influence, and its tactics have strong particularities.

Topic flexibility and mobility: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain to carry out flexible and mobile combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, the topic can be chosen to involve a relatively macro strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the other party’s entire society, etc.), or a medium-level campaign level (such as social issues in a local area or direction of the other party’s society: Social welfare policies or environmental protection policies, etc.), you can also choose to involve very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfair, unjust, and not beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). The macro, meso, and micro cognitive domains are interconnected and transform into each other. It is very likely that a micro issue will also become a macro strategic issue. The question should be raised according to the relationship with the entire military operation, and the cognitive domain operation must be subordinated to the overall combat operation and serve the needs of the macro political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, the topics should be prepared in normal times, and the data of various topics should be collected in normal times, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells fired at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability at the combat level: The important design of cognitive warfare is that at the combat level, it is controllable and adjustable as a whole, and can be upgraded or reduced according to changes in the situation. If the strategic level is needed, the commander can enable the design and force input at the strategic level; if the campaign level is needed, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only needed at the specific small problem level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding The niche local level makes the whole operation serve the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategy, campaign and tactics here refer more to combat design and power input. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, from strategic issues to affect the effects of campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign-level issues that affect the overall situation.

Emerging media dominance: The main influence channel of the cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on a single medium, such as newspapers, magazines, books, leaflets, posters, etc. to convey information; the later generation of television brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multimedia, multi-modality, and short videos and texts to transmit information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, and smart players, and the birth of various new social software and tools have made new media the main tool for people to communicate and communicate. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to compete and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security, and political security. Internet security, especially the ability to grasp the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools, etc., is to some extent the key to the security of a country’s cognitive domain. The information of emerging media tools and new media spaces has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for cognitive warfare in various countries. It is worth pointing out that the thoughts and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the age of intelligence, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, on the basis of big data analysis and application, supercomputing ability, intelligent computing ability, natural language processing ability, smart phone dissemination ability and new generation network communication ability, human beings have begun to be able to understand the whole society and the whole network. Carry out precise modeling and analysis of language culture, psychological cognition, group emotion, and social behavior in different domains, local groups, different local groups, and specific individuals. Especially people’s deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking mode, habit preference, image schema, cognitive framework, and even neural network, human-computer collaboration, brain control technology, etc., as long as there are enough diverse dynamic data , people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, public opinion, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people can accurately grasp people’s cognitive world and form an understanding of people’s cognitive domain. fine and deep control. This aspect presents the following characteristics:

Computational all-dimensionality: As an emerging field, the cognitive domain can be digitized in all aspects and can be calculated in all directions, the whole process and the whole individual. It can collect various types of information extensively, and then can be reflected as information about Big data with diversified main factors of combat opponents, so that various calculations can be carried out for the whole, groups, groups, and individual data and between them. All kinds of activities can be completed, displayed and accurately grasped through calculation.

Computational cognition: Computation in the cognitive domain embodies strong cognition, and it can reveal more relationships between various things, events, and characters that are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can reveal the relationship between various concepts in the same event frame. The clustering and hierarchical relationship between concepts reflects the deep cognitive connection between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and reveals the complex concept network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that is completely beyond the ordinary naked eye observation. .

Computing intelligence: Computing in the cognitive domain embodies strong intelligence. This kind of intelligence is manifested in the calculation, and it will draw intelligent conclusions. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various themes, viewpoints, tendencies, groups of people, positions, and appeals that cannot be seen due to limited human power, so as to form a more comprehensive understanding of a certain issue. Comprehensive, in-depth, accurate and systematic understanding to make scientific and optimized decisions. This kind of decision-making may be in line with human intelligence, or it may exceed or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by combining the data of the country and the opponent, we can better achieve early prevention, early warning, and early deployment, and can achieve the best, best, fastest and most accurate strikes and counterattacks. It can also better reflect efficient, powerful and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about a possible macro-meso or micro-level issue that may arise in different groups of people, in different time periods, in different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or in a local network domain, or within a specific group. In particular, the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that may be presented by both parties when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of the cognitive domain, etc.

Give full play to the status of discourse subject and release the new application of discourse power

Cognitive domain combat has a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on the language medium to play its role, exerting influence mainly through the discourse level, forming a hidden effect on the cognitive domain mainly through the narrative nature of discourse, and mainly exerting influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models Potential role, overt or implicit role exerted through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Text Discourse Uniqueness: Cognitive Domains Need Information to Influence. Although the information may be displayed by relying on the special visual effects of video pictures, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the integrated discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for the cognitive impact. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skill of discourse expression, the main design of persuasion and appeal of discourse expression, especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to affect people’s cognition. This may include narrative perspectives, narrative themes, styles, narrative story frameworks, narrative language innovations, narrative key sentences, narratives contain philosophy, humanities, religion, society, nature, etc., and the identities of different participants in the narrative , the diversified evaluation of narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of narrative, the subtle influence of narrative on viewpoints, and the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by narrative. The uniqueness of text discourse is an important reliance on cognitive influence exerted by text in cognitive domain operations. Making full use of the complexity of texts, giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving full play to the implicit and explicit cognitive influences of text connotations have become the key to combat in the cognitive domain of text discourse. The most important thing is to innovate text discourse, to win readers with brand-new discourse, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the thoughts in the text subtly, and accept them silently. The thought of the text.

Potential of cultural models: To fight in the cognitive domain, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models, philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are obviously different; citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognition Models should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own nation and culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses, and some of them obviously have a huge difference from other nationalities in their own country, and even have misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, at the cultural level, combat in the cognitive domain is to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models for different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models for different things in different countries, and fully grasp a certain country’s cultural models in a series of things. The overall attitude and way of doing things on issues and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, general concepts, etc. It is necessary to use existing theories and findings to comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical, sensitive, and important issues, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthen the research on the cultural patterns of different personnel of the enemy, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the research and construction of basic cultural characteristics and models of generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the psychological cognitive behavior of characters and cultural model portraits, It has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. It is also of great value to analyze the cognitive patterns of ordinary people, especially ordinary citizens and citizens, as well as specific groups of people, including special NGO forces.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communication, which need to follow the laws of international communication. To grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, to skillfully combine national stories with international expressions, to skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with their own stories and ideas; to be good at combining different art forms, including words, pictures, paintings, music (Sound), video and other means or multi-modal means to achieve the international dissemination of information. At the same time, it is also necessary to coordinate multi-dimensional and macroscopic communication at the strategic level: use various means, rely on military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration to carry out communication; in addition to non-governmental organizations, especially rely on non-governmental forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people To help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; to set up issues in a unified way, to make multi-point, multi-person and multi-dimensional voices, to form a strategic communication situation, to form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, major crisis management and control, etc., to form a good atmosphere of public opinion, and to create Positive effects, eliminating adverse effects or extinguishing adverse effects. In particular, it is necessary to establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, understands the laws of international communication, and can skillfully speak out on international multi-dimensional platforms. These personnel can usually carry out extensive issue awareness, collection and discussion, establish personal connections and fan groups with the help of common or special issues; more importantly, at critical moments, through their fan groups, exert influence and complete strategic communication tasks .

At present, with the popularity of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common method of hybridization and mixing. , The advanced stage of the development of legal warfare, the complex stage and the escalation stage. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with contemporary emerging media, and continuous learning and reference into multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary new ideas, new technologies, and new methods. As a result, combat in the cognitive domain has become a form of combat that we must be highly vigilant against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased achievement of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “National Defense Language Capacity Building from the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

Original Chinese Military Source: http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539.html

中國特色治網之道和網絡強國戰略思想

The Way of Internet Governance with Chinese Characteristics and the Strategic Thought of Network Power

網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政,事關國家長治久安,事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉。習近平同志站在我們黨“過不了互聯網這一關,就過不了長期執政這一關”的政治高度,準確把握信息化變革帶來的機遇和挑戰,明確提出要努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。中央黨史和文獻研究院編輯的《習近平關於網絡強國論述摘編》一書的第三部分,以“努力把我國建設成為網絡強國”為題,收入了習近平同志的相關論述。

縱觀世界文明史,人類先後經歷了農業革命、工業革命、信息革命。每一次產業技術革命,都給人類生產生活帶來巨大而深刻的影響。如今,以互聯網為代表的信息技術日新月異,引領了社會生產新變革,創造了人類生活新空間,拓展了國家治理新領域,極大提高了人類認識世界、改造世界的能力。互聯網讓世界變成了“雞犬之聲相聞”的地球村,相隔萬里的人們不再“老死不相往來”。世界因互聯網而更多彩,生活因互聯網而更豐富。

人類社會正在經歷偉大的信息革命,中國正處在信息化快速發展的歷史進程之中,信息革命時代潮流與中華民族偉大復興歷史進程發生了歷史性交匯,為我們全面建設社會主義現代化國家帶來新的機遇和挑戰。習近平同志指出,信息化為中華民族帶來了千載難逢的機遇。我們正逢其時,要順勢而為、乘勢而上、相向而行。

隨著網絡信息技術日新月異,全面融入社會生產生活,也深刻改變著全球經濟格局、利益格局、安全格局。世界主要國家都把互聯網作為經濟發展、技術創新的重點,把互聯網作為謀求競爭新優勢的戰略方向。能不能適應和引領互聯網發展,成為決定大國興衰的一個關鍵。誰掌握了互聯網,誰就把握住了時代主動權;誰輕視互聯網,誰就會被時代所拋棄。一定程度上可以說,得網絡者得天下。信息化為我國搶占新一輪發展制高點、構築國際競爭新優勢提供了有利契機。

中國高度重視互聯網發展,自接入國際互聯網以來,我們按照積極利用、科學發展、依法管理、確保安全的思路,加強信息基礎設施建設,發展網絡經濟,推進信息惠民。同時,我們依法開展網絡空間治理,網絡空間日漸清朗。儘管起步稍晚,但經過二十多年努力,迅速縮短了同發達國家的信息化差距,成為舉世矚目的網絡大國。同時也要看到,雖然我國網絡信息技術和網絡安全保障取得了不小成績,但同世界先進水平相比還有很大差距。我們在自主創新方面還相對落後,區域和城鄉差異比較明顯,國內互聯網發展瓶頸仍然較為突出。

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央審時度勢、高瞻遠矚,順勢應時,吹響了向網絡強國進軍的號角。 2014年2月27日,在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上,習近平同志提出,要從國際國內大勢出發,總體佈局,統籌各方,創新發展,努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。

建設網絡強國是黨中央從黨和國家事業發展全局出發作出的重大決策。黨的十八大以後,黨中央從進行具有許多新的歷史特點的偉大斗爭出發,重視互聯網、發展互聯網、治理互聯網,作出一系列重大決策、提出一系列重大舉措,推動網信事業取得了歷史性成就。

我們提出建設網絡強國戰略目標,網信工作頂層設計和總體架構基本確立,出台《關於加強網絡安全和信息化工作的意見》,基本理順互聯網管理領導體制機制,形成全國“一盤棋”工作格局;網絡意識形態安全得到切實維護,做大做強網上正面宣傳,在管網治網上出重拳、亮利劍,打贏網絡意識形態領域一系列重大斗爭,根本扭轉了過去網上亂象叢生、陣地淪陷、被動挨打的狀況,網絡空間正能量更加強勁、主旋律更加高昂;國家網絡安全屏障進一步鞏固,制定實施網絡安全法,加強網絡安全保障能力建設,關鍵信息基礎設施安全保護不斷強化,網絡違法犯罪活動得到有效遏制,全社會網絡安全意識和防護能力明顯增強;網信軍民融合取得階段性成效,網絡安全威懾反制能力不斷增強;注重發揮信息化對經濟社會發展的驅動引領作用,“互聯網+”行動計劃深入實施,數字經濟、共享經濟蓬勃發展;信息領域核心技術創新取得積極進展,新一代移動通信(5G)、高性能計算、量子通信等技術研究實現突破,一批網信企業躋身世界前列;網絡空間國際話語權和影響力顯著提升,高舉網絡主權大旗,推動構建網絡空間命運共同體,積極參與全球互聯網治理進程,創設並成功舉辦世界互聯網大會,中國理念、中國主張、中國方案贏得越來越多認同和支持;加快網絡基礎設施建設和信息化服務普及,網上交易、手機支付、共享出行等新技術新應用廣泛普及,電子政務加速發展,網絡扶貧紮實推進,社會治理和基本公共服務水平持續提升,人民群眾有了更多獲得感、幸福感、安全感。這些歷史性成就的取得,充分證明黨中央關於加強黨對網信工作集中統一領導的決策和對網信工作作出的一系列戰略部署是完全正確的。

新時代呼喚新思想,新實踐孕育新理論。在努力建設網絡強國的進程中,我們不斷推進理論創新和實踐創新,不僅走出一條中國特色治網之道,而且提出一系列新思想新觀點新論斷,形成了網絡強國戰略思想。概括起來,主要有以下幾個方面。

第一,明確網信工作在黨和國家事業全局中的重要地位。我們提出,沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全,沒有信息化就沒有現代化,網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政,事關國家長治久安,事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉,過不了互聯網這一關,就過不了長期執政這一關,要把網信工作擺在黨和國家事業全局中來謀劃,切實加強黨的集中統一領導。

Network security and informatization are related to the long-term governance of the party, the long-term stability of the country, economic and social development and the well-being of the people. Comrade Xi Jinping stood at the political height of our party “If you can’t pass the hurdle of the Internet, you can’t pass the hurdle of long-term governance”, accurately grasped the opportunities and challenges brought about by the informatization revolution, and clearly stated that we should strive to build our country into a cyber power. The third part of the book “Excerpts of Xi Jinping’s Discussions on Internet Power” edited by the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation is titled “Strive to Build my country into a Cyber ​​Power” and includes relevant expositions by Comrade Xi Jinping.

Looking at the history of world civilizations, humanity has successively undergone agricultural revolution, industrial revolution and information revolution. Every revolution in industrial technology has had a huge and profound impact on human production and life. Today, information technology represented by the Internet is changing with each passing day, leading new changes in social production, creating a new space for human life, expanding new areas of national governance, and greatly improving human ability to understand and transform the world. The Internet has turned the world into a global village where “the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other”, and people separated by thousands of miles no longer “do not communicate with each other”. The world is more colorful because of the Internet, and life is richer because of the Internet.

Human society is undergoing a great information revolution, and China is in the historical process of rapid development of informatization. The trend of the era of information revolution and the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation have had a historic intersection, which has brought great benefits to us in building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. New opportunities and challenges. Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out that informatization has brought golden opportunities to the Chinese nation. We are at the right time, and we must follow the trend, ride on the trend, and meet each other halfway.

With the rapid development of network information technology and its comprehensive integration into social production and life, it has also profoundly changed the global economic pattern, interest pattern, and security pattern. Major countries in the world regard the Internet as the focus of economic development and technological innovation, and regard the Internet as a strategic direction for seeking new competitive advantages. Whether it can adapt to and lead the development of the Internet has become a key to determining the rise and fall of a big country. Whoever controls the Internet will grasp the initiative of the times; whoever despises the Internet will be abandoned by the times. To a certain extent, it can be said that those who win the Internet win the world. Informatization provides a favorable opportunity for my country to seize the commanding heights of a new round of development and build new advantages in international competition.

China attaches great importance to the development of the Internet. Since its access to the international Internet, we have strengthened the construction of information infrastructure, developed the network economy, and promoted information to benefit the people in accordance with the ideas of active utilization, scientific development, law-based management, and security assurance. At the same time, we have carried out cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, and cyberspace has become increasingly clear. Although it started relatively late, after more than 20 years of hard work, it quickly narrowed the informatization gap with developed countries and became a network powerhouse that has attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, we must also see that although my country’s network information technology and network security have made great achievements, there is still a big gap compared with the world’s advanced level. We are still relatively backward in terms of independent innovation, the differences between regions and urban and rural areas are relatively obvious, and the bottleneck of domestic Internet development is still relatively prominent.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has judged the situation, looked far ahead, followed the trend, and sounded the clarion call to march towards a cyber power. On February 27, 2014, at the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, Comrade Xi Jinping proposed that we should proceed from the international and domestic trends, make an overall layout, coordinate all parties, innovate and develop, and strive to build my country into a cyber power .

Building a cyber power is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee based on the overall development of the Party and the country. After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee proceeded from the great struggle with many new historical characteristics, attached importance to the Internet, developed the Internet, and governed the Internet. sexual achievement.

We put forward the strategic goal of building a strong network country, basically established the top-level design and overall structure of network information work, issued the “Opinions on Strengthening Network Security and Informatization Work”, basically straightened out the Internet management leadership system and mechanism, and formed a national “one game of chess” work pattern; The security of Internet ideology has been effectively safeguarded, positive online propaganda has been made bigger and stronger, and heavy blows and sharp swords have been used to manage and control the Internet. A series of major struggles in the field of Internet ideology have been won, which has fundamentally reversed the past. In the situation of being occupied and passively beaten, the positive energy of cyberspace is stronger and the main theme is more high-spirited; the national network security barrier is further consolidated, the network security law is formulated and implemented, the construction of network security guarantee capabilities is strengthened, and the security protection of key information infrastructure is continuously strengthened. Activities have been effectively curbed, and the awareness of network security and protection capabilities of the whole society have been significantly enhanced; the military-civilian integration of network information has achieved phased results, and the network security deterrence and countermeasure capabilities have been continuously enhanced; attention has been paid to the driving and leading role of informatization in economic and social development, “Internet + “The action plan has been implemented in depth, the digital economy and the sharing economy have flourished; positive progress has been made in core technology innovation in the information field, breakthroughs have been made in the research of new-generation mobile communication (5G), high-performance computing, quantum communication and other technologies, and a number of network information enterprises have entered the world In the forefront; the international discourse power and influence of cyberspace have been significantly improved, holding high the banner of cyber sovereignty, promoting the construction of a community of shared future in cyberspace, actively participating in the process of global Internet governance, creating and successfully hosting the World Internet Conference, and winning More and more recognition and support; speed up the construction of network infrastructure and the popularization of information services, the widespread popularization of new technologies and new applications such as online transactions, mobile payment, and shared travel; the accelerated development of e-government affairs; The service level continues to improve, and the people have a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security. The achievement of these historic achievements fully proves that the Party Central Committee’s decision on strengthening the party’s centralized and unified leadership over cybersecurity and informatization work and a series of strategic deployments for cybersecurity and informatization work are completely correct.

The new era calls for new ideas, and new practices breed new theories. In the process of striving to build a strong network country, we have continuously promoted theoretical innovation and practical innovation, not only blazing a way to govern the network with Chinese characteristics, but also put forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions, forming the strategic thinking of a strong network country. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects.

First, clarify the important position of cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall situation of the party and the country. We propose that there will be no national security without network security, and no modernization without informatization. If we do not pass the hurdle of being in power for a long time, we must place cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall planning of the party and the country, and earnestly strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership.

Second, clarify the strategic goal of building a cyber power. We propose that we must accelerate the construction of a cyber power from the height of realizing the “two centenary” goals and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In accordance with the requirements of strong technology, strong content, strong foundation, strong talents, and strong international discourse power, we must move towards the basic popularization of network infrastructure, significant enhancement of independent innovation capabilities, comprehensive development of the digital economy, strong network security guarantees, and balanced network offensive and defensive capabilities. Keep moving forward, and finally achieve the goal of advanced technology, developed industry, both offensive and defensive capabilities, full control of network control, and indestructible network security.

Third, clarify the principles and requirements for building a cyber power. We propose that we must adhere to the principles of innovative development, governing by law, ensuring security, promoting benefits and eliminating disadvantages, and benefiting the people, adhere to innovation-driven development, cultivate new kinetic energy with informatization, and use new kinetic energy to promote new development; adhere to the rule of law, so that the Internet will always be under the rule of law. We will continue to operate healthily on track; adhere to the correct concept of network security, and build a national network security barrier; adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on preventing risks and promoting healthy development, and grasp opportunities and challenges, so that the Internet can better benefit the society; The people have a greater sense of gain in sharing the fruits of Internet development.

Fourth, clarify the international propositions for Internet development and governance. We propose to adhere to the four principles of global Internet governance: respecting Internet sovereignty, maintaining peace and security, promoting openness and cooperation, and building a good order. The five-point proposal for building a community of shared future in cyberspace, such as ensuring network security and building an Internet governance system, emphasizes joint advancement of development, joint maintenance of security, joint participation in governance, and joint sharing of achievements, and jointly build a peaceful, secure, open, and cooperative cyberspace.

Fifth, clarify the basic methods for doing a good job in cybersecurity and informatization work. We realize that cybersecurity and informatization work involves many fields, and it is necessary to strengthen overall planning and coordination, implement comprehensive management, and form a strong work force. It is necessary to grasp the dialectical relationship between security and development, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, management and service, and comprehensively promote various tasks such as network content construction, network security, informatization, and international governance of cyberspace.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the network power, adhere to the Marxist position, viewpoint and method, based on the new era background of human beings entering the information society, systematically summed up our party’s practical experience in network management and network governance, and profoundly answered why we should build a network power and how to build a network power. A series of major theoretical and practical issues such as building a powerful network country, with a high-level view, overall control, profound thinking, and rich connotations, have become the guide to action leading the development of my country’s Internet information industry, and are the fundamental principles for doing a good job in Internet information work. Continuously enrich and develop.

Focusing on the overall development of human society, Comrade Xi Jinping creatively put forward the concept of making the Internet better benefit the world and the people of all countries, and building a community with a shared future in cyberspace. He proposed a Chinese plan for global Internet development and governance, and contributed Chinese wisdom. The mind of a responsible big country and Comrade Xi Jinping’s broad mind of the leader of a big country to seek peace and development for the world and civilization and progress for mankind.

We must combine in-depth study of Comrade Xi Jinping’s important expositions on building a strong network country, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve “two safeguards”, constantly explore new paths for building a strong network country, and open up a new realm of global network governance , Let the Internet become a powerful boost to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

(Author: Xu Shan, Director of the Second Division of the First Research Department of the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation, Deputy Editor)

普通話來源:http://www.cac.gov.cn/2021-03/08/c_161677810000.htm

了解習近平對“軍民融合”的關注

Understanding Xi Jinping’s focus on “military-civilian integration”

中共中央政治局1月22日召開會議,決定設立中央軍民融合發展委員會,由習近平任主任。中央軍民融合發展委員會是中央層面軍民融合發展重大問題的決策和議事協調機構,統一領導軍民融合深度發展,向中央政治局、中央政治局常務委員會負責。

習主席高度重視經濟建設和國防建設融合發展的問題。這些年,習近平反復在多個場合提到“軍民融合”。2015年3月12日,習近平在出席十二屆全國人大三次會議解放軍代表團全體會議時強調“把軍民融合發展上升為國家戰略”。去年3月25日和10月19日,習近平在出席中共中央政治局會議和在北京參觀第二屆軍民融合發展高技術成果展時,又分別強調軍民融合是“一項利國利軍利民的大戰略”“關乎國家安全和發展全局”。這充分體現了習主席對軍民融合的深謀遠慮和強烈憂患。

當今時代,國防建設和經濟建設的關系更為深刻復雜,特別是技術方面,軍事技術和民用技術兩者的通用性越來越強。從美國的高科技發展史可以看出,從計算機、通信網絡、航空航天、核工業,到先進制造業等各個領域,都和它的軍事工業有聯系。據統計,85%的現代軍事核心技術同時也是民用關鍵技術;80%以上的民用關鍵技術被直接運用于軍事目的。美國前國防部長佩里估計,利用民用高技術開發軍品及擴大采用民品,每年可節省大約300億美元的國防開支,而且還可精減20%以上的采辦人員,同時可以利用國防經濟和軍用技術帶動和促進民用經濟技術發展。他甚至認為,美國軍事變革的重要方面就是把民用技術運用到軍事領域,是一場資源配置方式的根本變革。美國每隔10年左右就推出一個軍民兩用技術發展計劃,依靠這些計劃,美國高新技術產業相繼涌現,始終保持超前于世界其他國家一至兩代的領先地位。俄羅斯一度繼承蘇聯“軍民分離”的國防經濟管理體制,普京上任後對軍事工業實行全面改革,大力推進軍民融合,發展軍民兩用技術,軍民融合式發展取得顯著成效。由此可見,當前走軍民融合式發展路子,已成為符合時代潮流的、世界大多數國家的一致政策取向。

進入21世紀新階段,隨著信息時代的到來,戰爭形態正從機械化戰爭向信息化戰爭轉變。從信息化條件下作戰特點來看,交戰雙方往往會為了實現其戰略企圖,在短時間內聚合戰爭能量對對方施以毀滅性打擊,作戰具有爆發突然、持續時間短、作戰節奏快的特點,更加強調初戰決勝。在此背景下,戰爭潛力向戰爭實力的轉換能力、平時向戰時的轉換能力更加重要。從我軍的實際情況看,目前仍處于機械化、信息化復合發展的特定歷史階段,制約發展的體制性障礙和結構性矛盾還比較多,特別是國防科技自主創新能力較弱,武器裝備與世界水平還有較大的差距。因此,緊緊抓住信息化這一主要矛盾,在一些關鍵項目和環節上實行重點突破,搶佔軍事信息技術的制高點,以局部躍升推動和促進軍隊的現代化整體建設,是我軍現代化發展途徑的科學抉擇。而另一方面的事實是,目前我國許多科技型企業,特別是在IT領域的企業,已經具備相當高的甚至比國防工業中同領域企業更強的實力,信息化技術和產業的領軍大部分在民用高科技企業,而且這種趨勢仍然在發展。這充分說明,抓住國家經濟快速發展與建設現代化軍隊的歷史機遇,走軍民融合式發展之路,建立起高效調動與轉化國家整體力量的國防動員體系,才能做到有備無患、戰則能保,為軍隊始終掌握戰爭主動權提供強大的力量支撐。

當前,軍隊的改革已進入深水區,軍隊與社會經濟系統的融合是否緊密,是否具有高效的國民經濟動員能力,在很大程度上影響著軍隊戰斗力的生成與釋放。我們正逐步走軍民融合式發展的路子,在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上推進軍民融合,逐步形成了在重大基礎設施、海洋、空天、信息等關鍵領域軍民深度融合發展的大格局,建立了軍民融合的武器裝備科研生產體系、軍隊人才培養體系、軍隊保障體系。正是在這個基礎上,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央,繼承我們黨幾十年探索的實踐經驗和寶貴成果,更加明確地把走中國特色軍民融合式發展與實現中華民族偉大復興緊密聯系在一起,深刻指出要進一步做好軍民融合式發展這篇大文章。

習近平高度重視“軍民融合”說明,推動國防建設和經濟建設良性互動,確保在全面建成小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一,是實現強國夢強軍夢的必由之路,對于提高我軍能打仗、打勝仗,有效維護國家主權、安全、發展利益,具有極其重要的現實意義。

同時,也引出了一系列戰略話題︰我國軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題?軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略?……

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》,著眼實現強軍目標,圍繞軍民融合深度發展,全面、系統回答了這一系列問題,並重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀。

Modern English Translation:

The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting on January 22 and decided to establish the Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee, with Xi Jinping as its director. The Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee is the central-level decision-making and deliberative coordination agency for major issues of military-civilian integration and development. It unifies the leadership of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration and is responsible to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

President Xi attaches great importance to the integration and development of economic construction and national defense construction. Over the years, Xi Jinping has repeatedly mentioned “military-civilian integration” on many occasions. On March 12, 2015, when Xi Jinping attended the Plenary Session of the PLA delegation to the Third Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress, he emphasized that “elevating the development of military-civilian integration to a national strategy”. On March 25 and October 19 last year, when attending the Politburo meeting of the CPC Central Committee and visiting the 2nd Military-civilian Integration and Development High-Tech Achievement Exhibition in Beijing, Xi Jinping emphasized that military-civilian integration is “a benefit for the country, military and people. The “grand strategy” is “related to the overall situation of national security and development.” This fully reflects President Xi’s foresight and strong worries about military-civilian integration.

In today’s era, the relationship between national defense construction and economic construction is more profound and complex. Especially in terms of technology, the versatility of both military technology and civilian technology is becoming stronger. From the history of high-tech development in the United States, it can be seen that various fields from computers, communication networks, aerospace, nuclear industry, to advanced manufacturing are all connected with its military industry. According to statistics, 85% of modern military core technologies are also key civilian technologies; more than 80% of key civilian technologies are directly used for military purposes. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Perry estimated that the use of civilian high technology to develop military products and expand the adoption of civilian products can save approximately US$30 billion in defense expenditures each year, and it can also reduce procurement personnel by more than 20%, while also taking advantage of defense economy and military use. Technology drives and promotes the development of civil economy and technology. He even believes that an important aspect of the US military revolution is the application of civilian technology to the military field, which is a fundamental change in the way of resource allocation. The United States launches a dual-use technology development plan every 10 years or so. Relying on these plans, high-tech industries in the United States have emerged one after another and have always maintained a leading position one to two generations ahead of other countries in the world. Russia once inherited the Soviet Union’s “separation of military and civilian” national defense economic management system. After taking office, Putin implemented comprehensive reforms of the military industry, vigorously promoted military-civilian integration, and developed dual-use technologies. Military-civilian integrated development has achieved remarkable results. It can be seen from this that the current path of military-civilian integration has become the consistent policy orientation of most countries in the world in line with the trend of the times.

Entering the new stage of the 21st century, with the advent of the information age, the form of warfare is changing from mechanized warfare to information warfare. Judging from the characteristics of operations under informatization conditions, both sides in wars often gather war energy in a short period of time in order to achieve their strategic intentions to inflict a devastating attack on each other. Operations have the characteristics of sudden outbreak, short duration, and fast pace of operations. More emphasis on the first battle and decisive victory. In this context, the ability to transform war potential to war strength and the ability to transform peacetime to wartime is more important. Judging from the actual situation of our military, we are still in a specific historical stage of the combined development of mechanization and informatization. There are still many systemic obstacles and structural contradictions that restrict development. In particular, the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology is relatively weak, and weapons and equipment are related to the world. There is still a big gap in level. Therefore, to firmly grasp the main contradiction of informatization, implement key breakthroughs in some key projects and links, seize the commanding heights of military information technology, and promote and promote the modernization of the military as a whole through local jumps are the path to the development of our military’s modernization. Scientific choice. On the other hand, the fact is that many technology-based enterprises in my country, especially those in the IT field, already have quite high or even stronger strengths than those in the same field in the defense industry. Most of the leaders in information technology and industry In civilian high-tech enterprises, and this trend is still developing. This fully shows that only by seizing the historical opportunity of rapid national economic development and building a modern army, taking the road of military-civilian integrated development, and establishing a national defense mobilization system that efficiently mobilizes and transforms the country’s overall strength, can it be prepared and protected by war. Provide strong support for the army to always grasp the initiative in war.

At present, the reform of the military has entered the deep water zone. Whether the military is closely integrated with the socio-economic system and whether it has an efficient national economic mobilization capability has largely affected the generation and release of the military’s combat effectiveness. We are gradually taking the path of military-civilian integrated development, promoting military-civilian integration in a broader, higher-level, and deeper level, and gradually forming a large-scale development of military-civilian integration in key areas such as major infrastructure, ocean, aerospace, and information. It has established a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment research and production system, military personnel training system, and military support system. It is on this basis that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core inherits the practical experience and valuable achievements of our party’s decades of exploration, and more clearly connects the development of military-civilian integration with Chinese characteristics and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, it is deeply pointed out that we must further do a good job in the development of military-civilian integration.

Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the “military-civilian integration”. It shows that promoting the benign interaction between national defense construction and economic construction and ensuring the unity of a prosperous country and a strong army in the process of building a well-off society in all respects is the only way to realize the dream of a strong country and a strong army. , Winning battles and effectively safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests are of extremely important practical significance.

At the same time, a series of strategic topics have also been brought up: What are the problems facing my country’s deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering countries and strengthening the military around the world? …

The “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army-Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” published by the People’s Liberation Army News Agency’s Long March Press focuses on achieving the goal of strengthening the military, focusing on the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and comprehensively and systematically answering this series of questions. “Deep” conducted an authoritative interpretation.

軍民融合

軍民融合

軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題?軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略?

當前,隨著軍民融合上升為國家戰略,軍民深度融合發展也成為國內外輿論場密切關注的焦點。

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》(以下簡稱《富國強軍》),全面、系統回答了這一系列問題。

此書入選“‘十二五’國家重點圖書出版規劃項目”“慶祝新中國成立65周年主題出版項目”“國家出版基金項目”等重要主題出版項目,是解放軍報社長征出版社和國防大學專家團隊精心打造的“強軍夢系列叢書”之一。作者陳昱澍、李善東先後多次參與國家和軍隊重點科研課題,榮獲多項國家和軍隊獎項,發表的數十篇前沿軍事理論論文大多引起廣泛關注。此書將他倆一系列研究成果精華融會貫通,一經推出,就引起積極反響。

《富國強軍》,從全新視角,客觀分析了新形勢下軍民融合式發展的時代價值;系統闡述了軍民深度融合發展在實現中國夢、強軍夢中的戰略地位;全面論述了在新的歷史條下軍民深度融合的新特點、新趨勢,描述了我國軍民融合發展的成效和現狀;探索提出了推進軍民深度融合發展的途徑和方法。其中,重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀——

深在軍民一體推進。軍民融合發展則國家興盛。本書明確提出,一體推進,是軍民融合式發展的總體思路。其實質就是將傳統的軍民分割形成的社會總資源轉換成軍民雙向互動的高效資源,實現國防建設和經濟建設資源的最優配置,最大限度地提升國家的綜合國力,進而實現富國和強軍的統一。

深在鑄造利劍。建立軍民融合式武器裝備科研生產體系是大勢所趨。本書明確提出,深化武器裝備科研生產軍民融合發展,應堅持市場化導向,著眼形成“開放、競爭、共享”的發展格局,通過關鍵領域、關鍵環節的改革強固武器裝備科研生產軍民融合式市場基礎,努力將武器裝備建設深深根植于國家大工業基礎之中,吸引更多優勢資源向武器裝備科研生產領域集聚。

深在提高綜合效益。軍隊能打勝仗,作戰保障是關鍵。本書明確提出,要實現綜合高效的軍民融合,必須建立軍民融合式軍隊人才培養體系、軍民融合式軍隊保障體系、軍民融合式國防動員體系,完善系統配套的軍民融合式發展的基本保障。

《富國強軍》適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。本書觀點新穎、內容飽滿、前瞻性強,總體體現了“專家視野+基層口吻解讀+案例索引”的概念,適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。

全書依托十八大報告關于“加快推進國防和軍隊現代化”的重要論述、習主席有關涉及國防和軍隊的重要講話精神,從歷史和現實的角度,在表現形式上有三個明顯特殊——

視角獨特。全書注重用新視角發掘“產品”。即站在受眾的角度思考問題,變“我怎麼看”為“受眾怎樣看”,用“第三只眼”審視作品,千方百計發掘受眾喜愛的“產品”。

善講故事。全書注重通過講故事來強化有效傳播。注意用基層官兵喜聞樂見的口吻,通過案例牽引,客觀講述軍民融合深度發展的故事,並做到了理論語言生活化、政治語言知識化,在講故事中說道理,在說道理時講故事;善用網言網語講故事,將網言網語融入生動的故事中,在故事中營造網絡語言氛圍;變“我說你听”的居高臨下為“為您服務”的俯身貼近,平視敘述,娓娓道來。

呈現新穎。全書注重用新呈現方式做深閱讀話題。通過有視角沖擊力的圖片和插圖,適應了讀圖時代特點,強化了主題,豐富了內容;通過活用圖表、分類、概括、標注、提示等新的呈現方式,使高深嚴肅的軍事話題變得輕快起來;通過通俗易懂的闡述、案例解讀和用新大白話“翻譯”等,使強國強軍的重要話題變得生動起來,便于廣大讀者,尤其是有利于部隊基層官兵學習掌握其精髓。

Modern English Translation:

What are the problems facing the deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering the country and strengthening the military around the world?

At present, as military-civilian integration has become a national strategy, the development of deep military-civilian integration has also become the focus of close attention in public opinion at home and abroad.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army—Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” (hereinafter referred to as “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army”) published by the People’s Liberation Army News Changzheng Press has comprehensively and systematically answered this series of questions.

This book was selected into the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Key Book Publishing Planning Project”, “Thematic Publishing Project to Celebrate the 65th Anniversary of the Founding of New China”, “National Publishing Fund Project” and other important thematic publishing projects. It is an expert team from the People’s Liberation Army Newspaper Long March Press and National Defense University One of the carefully created “Strong Army Dream Series”. Authors Chen Yushu and Li Shandong have participated in many national and military key scientific research projects and won many national and military awards. Most of the dozens of cutting-edge military theory papers published have attracted widespread attention. This book integrates the essence of their series of research results, and once it was published, it aroused positive responses.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” objectively analyzes the value of the era of military-civilian integrated development under the new situation from a new perspective; systematically expounds the strategic position of military-civilian deep integrated development in realizing the Chinese dream and strengthening the military; comprehensively discussing the new history The new characteristics and new trends of deep military-civilian integration under the regulations describe the effectiveness and current situation of my country’s military-civilian integration development; the exploration puts forward ways and methods to promote the development of deep military-civilian integration. Among them, it focuses on the authoritative interpretation of the “deep” of the deep development of military-civilian integration——

Deep in the integration of military and civilian advancement. The development of military-civilian integration will prosper the country. This book clearly states that integrated advancement is the overall idea of ​​military-civilian integrated development. Its essence is to convert the total social resources formed by the traditional military-civilian division into highly efficient resources for military-civilian two-way interaction, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources for national defense and economic construction, to maximize the country’s comprehensive national strength, and to achieve a prosperous country and a strong military. Unite.

Deep in casting a sword. The establishment of a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment scientific research and production system is the general trend. This book clearly states that to deepen the development of military-civilian integration of weapons and equipment research and production, we should adhere to the market-oriented orientation, focus on forming an “open, competitive, and shared” development pattern, and strengthen the military-civilian integrated market foundation for weapons and equipment research and production through reforms in key areas and key links. , And strive to deeply root the construction of weapons and equipment in the country’s large-scale industrial foundation, and attract more advantageous resources to gather in the field of weapons and equipment research and production.

Deeply improving the overall benefits. For the army to win battles, combat security is the key. The book clearly states that to achieve comprehensive and efficient military-civilian integration, it is necessary to establish a military-civilian integrated military personnel training system, a military-civilian integrated military support system, and a military-civilian integrated national defense mobilization system, and perfect the basic guarantee for the system’s supporting military-civilian integrated development.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” adapts to the aesthetic taste of the audience in the all-media era. This book has novel viewpoints, full content, and strong forward-looking. It generally embodies the concept of “experts’ vision + grassroots tone interpretation + case index” and adapts to the aesthetic taste of audiences in the all-media era.

The whole book relies on the important exposition of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on “Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army” and the spirit of Chairman Xi’s important speech concerning national defense and the military. From the perspective of history and reality, there are three obvious special manifestations:

Unique perspective. The book focuses on discovering “products” with new perspectives. That is to think about the problem from the perspective of the audience, change “how do I see” to “how the audience sees”, examine the work with the “third eye”, and do everything possible to discover the “product” that the audience loves.

Tell stories well. The book focuses on strengthening effective communication through storytelling. Pay attention to using the tone that grassroots officers and soldiers like to hear, and use cases to objectively tell the story of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and achieve the realization of theoretical language life, political language knowledge, reason in storytelling, and storytelling when reasoning; Internet language and Internet language tell stories, integrate Internet language and Internet language into vivid stories, and create an atmosphere of Internet language in the story; change from “I say you listen” to “serving for you” leaning close and narrating directly, Whispered.

Presenting novelty. The book focuses on using new presentation methods to do deep reading topics. Through visually impactful pictures and illustrations, it adapts to the characteristics of the picture-reading era, strengthens the theme, and enriches the content; through the use of new presentation methods such as charts, classification, generalization, annotations, and prompts, advanced and serious military topics become Get up lightly; through easy-to-understand explanations, case interpretations, and “translation” in the new vernacular, the important topics of strengthening the country and the army become vivid, which is convenient for readers, especially for the grassroots officers and soldiers of the army to learn and master its essence.

Original Referring Chinese MOD URL: http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/jmsd/2017-02/04/content_4771493_3.htm

People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power // 中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power //

中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

People’s Daily (April 19, 2018 01 edition)

In today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day.

  In contemporary China, the development of the network business has advanced by leaps and bounds.

  From mobile payment everywhere to new high-level online transaction volume; from the nationwide e-government system to the booming big data industry… General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on network security and informationization work published two years ago, China’s online letter With the rapid and healthy development of the business, the Internet has increasingly become an important driving force for national development, and the digital field has continuously achieved leap-forward development.

  

        Under the guidance of the strategic blueprint for the “two hundred years” struggle goal, China, which is opening a new era, is striding towards a new journey of network power.

  Looking ahead and judging the situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core points the way forward for building a network power

  In March 2018, the “Deepening the Party and State Institutional Reform Plan” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China opened a new chapter in the national network letter business – the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Leading Group was changed to the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Committee, responsible for Top-level design, overall layout, overall coordination, overall promotion, and supervision and implementation of major work in this field.

  This is the far-sightedness of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the national network letter, and it is also the implementation of the important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the symposium on cybersecurity and informationization.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has accurately grasped the general trend of the times, actively responded to the requirements of practice, deeply examined the major changes in the main social contradictions, and issued a series of important speeches on the development of the network business, clearly proposing the strategic thinking of the network power.

  ”To develop a network business, we must implement a people-centered development thinking.”

  ——According to the ups and downs of Internet technology changes, General Secretary Xi Jinping always puts the people at the highest position, clearly defining “to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, speed up the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide them with affordable and affordable The well-used information service has enabled hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results.”

  “Big data is a new stage in the development of information technology.”

  ——In the face of the information-based competitive environment that you chase after me, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a keen judgment to “understand the current status and trends of big data development and its impact on economic and social development, and analyze the achievements of China’s big data development and Problems exist to promote the implementation of the national big data strategy.”

  ”Building a community of cyberspace destiny.”

  ——Investigating the profound changes in the global Internet governance system, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “four principles” and “five points of proposition”, calling for “the Internet is invisible, but the people who use the Internet are tangible, and the Internet is the common home of mankind. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer.

  ……

  New ideas lead new practices, and new strategies open up new journeys. Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, a colorful network of powerful powers is slowly unfolding.

  One-point deployment, nine-point implementation, a series of new policies and new measures for the reform and development of the network letter business are turning into new achievements and new changes

  ”Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen Internet thinking, be good at using the advantages of the Internet, and focus on integrating, sharing, facilitating, and security, promoting scientific decision-making in government, refining social governance, and improving the efficiency of public services. Perceive the social situation, open communication channels, assist decision-making and governance, and facilitate the masses to do things.

  On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions during the inspection of the Hainan Provincial Government Affairs Data Center, once again in order to speed up the development of big data and use information technology to point the way.

  Without informatization, there is no modernization.

  General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on cybersecurity and informatization work has been published for two years. All localities and departments have kept pace with the times, pioneering and innovating, and introduced a series of new policies and new measures to promote the cause of major strategic opportunities in the network letter industry and usher in new Development, new leap.

  ——Continuously strengthen the top-level design, and the information development will add institutional guarantee.

  The Outline of the National Informatization Development Strategy was published, which depicts the development of digital China’s construction in the next 10 years, and clearly sets a clear timetable and roadmap for the construction of a network power. The “13th Five-Year National Informationization Plan” was released. It is proposed to achieve significant results in the construction of digital China as the overall goal of China’s informatization development.

  In the past two years, the informatization development strategy, the national big data strategy, and the “Internet +” action plan have been frequently deployed, and the foundation of the network is solid.

  ——The infrastructure is more perfect, and the digital development paves the way.

  In 2017, the length of new optical cable lines in China was 7.05 million kilometers. The total length of national optical cable lines reached 37.47 million kilometers, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year; the number of Internet broadband access ports reached 779 million, an increase of 9.3%.

  The Action Plan for Promoting the Scale Deployment of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) was issued and implemented, and the scale of IPv6 deployment was comprehensively improved. As of December 31, 2017, the total number of IPv6 address allocations in China was 23,430 (/32).

  In the past two years, the quality and coverage of mobile network services have continued to improve, and the development of next-generation Internet has shown great prospects.

  – Internet innovative social governance tools, e-government work into the fast lane.

  At the Taxation Hall of the State Taxation Bureau of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, the financial manager Shi Jinxing received dozens of special value-added tax invoices through the self-service terminal. He felt that “it took a half-day to become a few minutes, and the government service became more and more convenient. Efficient.”

  Innovative services to benefit the people. The data shows that the current total number of government websites in the country is nearly 32,000; the new government media has become a new channel for communication between the public and the public.

  In December 2017, the Central Network Information Office and other departments jointly launched a two-year national e-government comprehensive pilot project in eight provinces including Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu to explore the development of e-government development experience that can be used for promotion, and more convenient and efficient e-government experience. Just around the corner.

  Take the matter at any time, make meritorious deeds from the capital, and profit from the power of all things.

  The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China formulated a blueprint for the development of a new era, and proposed to build a network power, digital China, and a smart society, promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy, develop the digital economy, share the economy, and foster new growth. Point, form new kinetic energy.

  In Zhejiang, the digital economy, which is dominated by software services, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, has exceeded 10 trillion yuan for three consecutive years. In Guizhou, where poverty alleviation is the main battlefield, big data has become one of the three development strategies. Its economic growth rate has been in the forefront of the country for seven consecutive years.

  A series of data and an item of results reflect a series of historical achievements and historic changes in the digital development of China in recent years.

  Let hundreds of millions of people gain more sense of sharing the Internet development achievements, and build a strong power for building a network power.

  At the end of each course, Zhang Fan, an online training teacher, will carefully review the “Magic Mirror System” analysis of the students’ class status and adjust and optimize the teaching plan accordingly.

  Through this system, the camera captures the classroom state, such as raising hands, practicing, listening to classes, speaking, etc., and even facial expression changes at any time. Through multi-dimensional measurement of data, a unique learning report for each student is generated.

  With the help of digital technology, the goal of “there is no education, teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes”, which is the sage of the past dynasties, is now entering an ordinary life.

  No longer just online shopping, sharing bicycles, today, digital technology represented by big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence is increasingly infiltrating into every aspect of Chinese life: the construction of cancer big data portraits makes health dreams clearer; The guardian platform gives the minors a clearer cyberspace; the 5G “super speed” makes the screen “flashing” words become history…

  New products from the Internet have emerged, and digital technology has turned people’s imagined new life into reality. From the introduction of the network security law to the new stage of legal governance, to the digital economy, the “big artery” is more smooth… The world of the people of the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and the lives of the people are more abundant because of the Internet.

  Promoting the development of the Internet and making good use of the power of the Internet are the basic projects that promote social progress and enhance people’s well-being.

  Liuyu Village is located in the selenium-rich area of ​​southern Meizhou, Guangdong Province, and has a long history of growing tea. However, due to the remote location, poor traffic and information, the sales of tea has not been opened.

  Since the staying tea has been stationed in the Guangdong mobile e-commerce informationization poverty alleviation platform to achieve online sales, the problem of slow sales of tea has been solved. In the past year, the tea sold by the “Lingnan Life” platform has reached 6,000 kilograms, and the single-day sales order has reached a maximum of 1423.

  Statistics show that in 2017, China’s digital economy reached 27.2 trillion yuan, accounting for 32.9% of GDP; e-commerce and online retail continued to grow, e-commerce promoted the steady expansion of rural consumption, and rural consumer infrastructure such as logistics, telecommunications, and transportation. further improvement.

  ”Adhere to the people as the center”, digital development is constantly satisfying people’s yearning for a better life, and the people have more sense of gaining in sharing the development of the Internet.

  “The way of benefit, and the time.”

  In just over 20 years, starting from a network cable with a network speed of only 64 kilobits per second, China now has 700 million netizens and more than 4 million websites. It has built the world’s largest 4G network, and the scale of online retail transactions has jumped. The world’s first… a series of “great”, witnessed a slap in the face of a network power to the network power.

  In just two years, from the speed increase and decrease of the network to the implementation of the Cyber ​​Security Law, from the continuous hosting of the four World Internet Conferences to the Alibaba Cloud Data Center, which covers the major Internet markets in the world, a series of “big-handed” highlights China’s move to a network powerhouse. Determination and confidence.

  In December 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee that “the situation will be judged, carefully planned, advanced, and proactive” “accelerate the construction of digital China and better serve China’s economic and social development and people. Life improvement.”

  The construction of digital China is an important measure to implement the internship General Secretary General Ping Ping’s strategic thinking on network power. It is an effective way to adhere to the people-centered development thinking and continuously enhance the people’s sense of acquisition. It is an inevitable requirement for seizing development opportunities and accelerating the modernization process.

  This is an urgent call for the new era, and it is a firm declaration of China in the new era.

  Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the development of China’s network information industry will surely take greater steps in the construction of a network powerhouse, and create a more awkward innovation for the Chinese dream of building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the nation. power.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

當今世界,信息技術革命日新月異。

當代中國,網信事業發展突飛猛進。

從隨處可見的移動支付到屢創新高的網絡交易額;從覆蓋全國的電子政務系統到蓬勃發展的大數據產業……習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來,我國網信事業快速健康發展,互聯網日益成為國家發展重要驅動力,數字領域不斷實現跨越式發展。

在“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標的戰略藍圖指引下,開啟新時代的中國,正在闊步邁向網絡強國的新征程。

高瞻遠矚、審時度勢,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央為建設網絡強國指明前進方向

2018年3月,中共中央印發的《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》,揭開了國家網信事業的新篇章——中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組改為中央網絡安全和信息化委員會,負責這一領域重大工作的頂層設計、總體佈局、統籌協調、整體推進、督促落實。

這是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國家網信事業的深謀遠慮,也是對習近平總書記在網絡安全和信息化工作座談會上發表的重要講話的貫徹落實。

黨的十八大以來,習近平總書記準確把握時代大勢,積極回應實踐要求,深刻審視社會主要矛盾新變化,就網信事業發展發表一系列重要講話,鮮明提出了網絡強國的戰略思想。

“網信事業要發展,必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。”

——順應風起雲湧的互聯網技術變革,習近平總書記始終把人民放在最高位置,明確“要適應人民期待和需求,加快信息化服務普及,降低應用成本,為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務,讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感”。

“大數據是信息化發展的新階段。”

——面對你追我趕的信息化競爭環境,習近平總書記敏銳地作出判斷,要求“深入了解大數據發展現狀和趨勢及其對經濟社會發展的影響,分析我國大數據發展取得的成績和存在的問題,推動實施國家大數據戰略”。

“構建網絡空間命運共同體。”

——洞察全球互聯網治理體系的深刻變革,習近平總書記提出“四項原則”“五點主張”,呼籲“互聯網雖然是無形的,但運用互聯網的人們都是有形的,互聯網是人類的共同家園。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全,是國際社會的共同責任”。

……

新理念引領新實踐,新戰略開啟新征程。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,一幅五彩斑斕的網絡強國畫卷正在徐徐展開。

一分部署、九分落實,一系列網信事業改革發展的新政策新舉措正在化為舉世矚目的新成就新變革

“各級黨委和政府要強化互聯網思維,善於利用互聯網優勢,著力在融合、共享、便民、安全上下功夫,推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精細化、公共服務高效化,用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政、方便群眾辦事,做到心中有數。”

2018年4月13日,習近平總書記在考察海南省政務數據中心時作出的重要指示,再一次為加快大數據發展、用好信息化手段指明方向。

沒有信息化就沒有現代化。

習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來,各地各部門與時俱進、開拓創新,出台一系列新政策、新舉措,推動網信事業抓住重大戰略機遇期,迎來新發展、新飛躍。

——持續加強頂層設計,信息化發展更添制度保障。

《國家信息化發展戰略綱要》出台,描繪了未來10年數字中國建設的發展圖景,為網絡強國建設標識出清晰的時間表和路線圖;《“十三五”國家信息化規劃》發布,明確提出將數字中國建設取得顯著成效作為我國信息化發展的總目標。

兩年間,信息化發展戰略、國家大數據戰略、“互聯網+”行動計劃等頻密部署,網絡強國基礎夯實。

——基礎設施更加完善,數字化發展鋪就前進道路。

2017年,我國新建光纜線路長度705萬公里,全國光纜線路總長度達3747萬公里,比上年增長23.2%;互聯網寬帶接入端口數量達到7.79億個,增長9.3%。

《推進互聯網協議第六版(IPv6)規模部署行動計劃》印發實施,IPv6規模化部署全面提升。截至2017年12月31日,我國IPv6地址分配總數為23430塊(/32)。

兩年間,移動網絡服務質量和覆蓋範圍持續提升,下一代互聯網發展展現美好前景。

——互聯網創新社會治理手段,電子政務工作駛入快車道。

在福建晉江市國稅局辦稅大廳,財務經理施金星通過自助終端機領取了數十份增值稅專用發票後,深感“原先要花半天的時間變成了幾分鐘,政府服務越來越便捷高效”。

創新服務,利企便民。數據顯示,目前全國政府網站運行總數近3.2萬家;政務新媒體成為溝通社情民意的新渠道。

2017年12月,中央網信辦等部門聯合在北京、上海、江蘇等8省份開展為期2年的國家電子政務綜合試點,探索形成可藉鑑推廣的電子政務發展經驗,更加方便高效的電子政務體驗指日可待。

隨時以舉事,因資而立功,用萬物之能而獲利其上。

黨的十九大製定了面向新時代的發展藍圖,提出要建設網絡強國、數字中國、智慧社會,推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能和實體經濟深度融合,發展數字經濟、共享經濟,培育新增長點、形成新動能。

在浙江,以軟件服務業、物聯網、雲計算、大數據等為主體的數字經濟規模連續3年超萬億元;在脫貧攻堅主戰場的貴州,大數據成為三大發展戰略支撐之一,其經濟增速已連續7年位居全國前列。

一串串數據、一項項成果,折射出近年來我國數字化發展的一系列歷史性成就、歷史性變革。

讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果中有更多獲得感,為建設網絡強國凝聚磅礴力量

每次課程結束,在線培訓教師張帆都會仔細查看“魔鏡系統”對學生上課狀態的分析,並據此調整優化教學方案。

通過這一系統,攝像頭隨時捕捉學生上課時的舉手、練習、聽課、發言等課堂狀態,甚至面部表情的變化,通過多維度量化數據,生成專屬每一個學生的學習報告。

借助數字技術,“有教無類、因材施教”這一歷代先賢嚮往的目​​標如今正在走入尋常生活。

不再僅僅是網上購物、共享單車,如今,以大數據、雲計算、人工智能為代表的數字技術正日益滲透進中國人生活的方方面面:癌症大數據畫像的構建讓健康夢想更加清晰;“成長守護平台”給未成年人一片更為清朗的網絡空間;5G“超級網速”使屏幕閃現的“加載中”字樣成為歷史……

從互聯網催生的新產品新業態競相湧現,到數字技術將人們想像中的智能新生活變為現實;從出台網絡安全法開啟依法治網新階段,到數字經濟的“大動脈”更加通暢……億萬國人的世界因互聯網而更多彩,百姓的生活因互聯網而更豐富。

推動互聯網發展,用好互聯網的力量,是促進社會進步、增進人民福祉的基礎性工程。

留畬村位於廣東梅州南部的富硒地帶,種茶歷史悠久。但由於地理位置偏僻,交通和信息不暢,留畬茶的銷路一直沒有打開。

自從留畬茶進駐廣東移動電商信息化扶貧平台,實現在線銷售,茶葉滯銷難題迎刃而解。一年來,經“嶺南生活”平台售出的留畬茶多達6000餘斤,單日銷售訂單最高達1423單。

統計顯示,2017年,中國數字經濟規模達27.2萬億元,佔GDP比重達32.9%;電子商務、網絡零售持續增長,電商推動農村消費規模穩步擴大,物流、電信、交通等農村消費基礎設施進一步完善。

“堅持以人民為中心”,數字化發展正不斷滿足人民對美好生活的嚮往,百姓在共享互聯網發展成果上擁有了更多獲得感。

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”

短短20多年時間,從一條網速僅有64千比特每秒的網線出發,如今我國已經擁有7億網民、400多萬家網站,建成了全球最大的4G網絡,網絡零售交易額規模躍居世界第一……一連串的“了不起”,見證了一個網絡大國向網絡強國邁進的鏗鏘足音。

短短兩年間,從網絡提速降費到網絡安全法啟動實施,從連續主辦四屆世界互聯網大會到阿里雲數據中心基本覆蓋全球主要互聯網市場,一系列的“大手筆”,彰顯中國邁向網絡強國的決心與信心。

2017年12月,習近平總書記在十九屆中央政治局第二次集體學習時強調,“審時度勢、精心謀劃、超前佈局、力爭主動”“加快建設數字中國,更好服務我國經濟社會發展和人民生活改善”。

建設數字中國是貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡強國戰略思想的重要舉措,是堅持以人民為中心的發展思想、不斷增強人民獲得感的有效途徑,是搶抓發展機遇、加快現代化進程的必然要求。

這是新時代的迫切呼喚,更是新時代中國的堅定宣示。

在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,我國網信事業發展必將在網絡強國的建設中邁出更大步伐,為全面建成小康社會,實現民族偉大復興的中國夢凝聚更加澎湃的創新動力。

Referring URL: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-04/

Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back // 中國將軍:如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權,中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

Chinese General: If hostile forces invade my network sovereignty China can use military means to fight & hack back //

中國將軍:如果敵對勢力入侵我的網絡主權,中國可以用軍事手段進行反擊和反擊

(安卫平,北部战区副参谋长)

Original: “National Defense Reference”, No. 3, 2017

The cyberspace was born in the military field. For example, the first computer, the APA network and the GPS navigation system all originated from the military. Today, cyberspace security has been closely related to national security, and the military has once again become the protagonist of maintaining national cyberspace security. Whether facing normalized network penetration or large-scale cyberattacks, it is urgent for the military to move from guarding the “network camp gate” to guarding the “network country gate”, breaking through the traditional military missions and missions, and breaking through the traditional war preparation mode. With a new network of national defense thinking, the founding of the network era of the country’s strong shield.

From the “network camp door” to the “network country door”, the new era brings a new trend of military mission

Cyberspace is not only related to the maintenance of national strategic interests, but also directly affects political, economic, cultural security and social development. It has also become the blood and link of modern battlefield joint operations. The Chinese military cannot be limited to maintaining the internal network security of the military camp. It must also actively adapt to the trend of the times and take the responsibility of the country that guards the “network country.” Network strong army is an important part of the construction of a network powerhouse. From the “network camp door” to the “network country door” is the inevitable trend of the development of the domestic and international situation in the information age.

Guarding the “network country door” is forced by the cyberspace security situation. As the first big Internet country, China’s security situation is not optimistic, and strategic opponents have never stopped preparing for our network operations. The United States, Britain, France and other countries are actively preparing for cyberspace, giving military functions through cyberspace security legislation, developing cyber warfare forces, developing cyber warfare weapons and equipment, and advancing war to the “fifth space” of mankind, especially in China. In the historical process of the rise, under the leadership of the Cold War mentality and the containment subversion strategy, Western countries have used network technology and communication methods to implement uninterrupted harassment, subversion and cyberattacks, seriously affecting China’s national security and social development, and China has gradually become The hardest hit by cybersecurity threats, the test sites for virus attacks, and the destinations of conscious penetration, national security faces enormous risks.

In the coming period, as a new emerging country, China’s conflicts of interest with other parties will intensify. Firmly promoting the network defense strategy and strengthening the operational preparation of cyberspace are the inevitable ways to actively strive for the dominance and discourse power of cyberspace, and also the rise of China. The only way to go. As the main force of national security and stability, the military must adapt to the characteristics of cyberspace characteristics, become the backbone and main force to resist network intrusion and network subversion, and safeguard national security and social stability.

Winning cyber warfare is the trend of new military revolution in the information age. As one of the most advanced productivity in the information age, network technology has made cyberspace warfare a leading factor in guiding the evolution of modern warfare and affecting the overall situation of war. In recent years, from the “seismic net” attack in Iran, the cyber warfare in the Russian-Georgian conflict, the large-scale obstruction of the Ukrainian power grid, and the cyberattack of the US military against IS, the huge role played by cyberspace in actual combat has gradually emerged, indicating that cyber warfare Has become an important style of future joint operations.

The US military attaches great importance to the construction of cyberspace armaments, the establishment of the cyberspace command, the launch of cyberspace joint operations, the extensive expansion of cyber warfare forces, the maintenance of its cyberspace hegemony, and the formation of cyberspace control capabilities as a “third offset strategy”. “Absolute advantage is the most important competitive content.

Many countries in the world have followed suit, and the trend of militarization of cyberspace is obvious. The rigorous cyberspace military struggle situation requires the Chinese military to focus on the changes in the network battlefield space, adapt to the requirements of the information war era, and achieve the strong military goal of smashing and winning in cyberspace.

Effective network warfare is an intrinsic need to accelerate the construction of a network powerhouse. In the process of China’s development from a network power to a network power, it is inseparable from the strong cyberspace military power as a guarantee. The international competition in cyberspace is a comprehensive game of the country’s comprehensive strength. Among them, the quality of network military capacity building is directly related to national security and stability, and it is the core element of the entire national security field.

At present, the interests of countries in the world in the cyberspace are mutually infiltrated, and there is a situation in which you have me, I have you, cooperate with each other, and develop together. However, this kind of common development is not equal. The US and Western powers have taken advantage of the cyberspace dominance and have already achieved certain network warfare advantages, which has made my network development and interests subject to people. How can the military fulfill its mission of defending the earth in the construction of a network-strength country? The premise is to form a network environment that can contain the crisis and control the opponent’s network attack and defense capabilities and ensure peaceful development.

Therefore, the military needs to establish a deterrent strategic goal of effective warfare, form a strategic check and balance ability that can “destroy each other” with the enemy, thereby enhancing strategic competitiveness, ending cyberspace aggression, and ensuring the smooth advancement of the network power strategy.

From “keeping the soil to the responsibility” to “protecting the net and defending the country”, the new situation requires the military to undertake new tasks.

The military is the main force and pillar of national security, and cyberspace is no exception. The National Security Law, which was enacted on July 1, 2015, stipulates: “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China, all state organs and armed forces, political parties and people’s organizations, enterprises and institutions, and other social organizations have the responsibility to safeguard national security. And obligations.” The Cyber ​​Security Law, promulgated in November 2016, emphasizes the need to maintain cyberspace sovereignty and national security.

On the basis of the laws of these two countries, on December 27, 2016, the National Cyberspace Security Strategy (hereinafter referred to as the “Strategy”) was officially launched, providing overall guidance for creating a new pattern of network powers at a new starting point. Basically follow, clearly put forward nine strategic tasks, further embodying the mission of the military in the process of building a network power.

With the national mission of protecting the network, the military must be a strong pillar to defend the cyberspace sovereignty. The first of the nine strategic tasks listed in the “Strategy” is “firmly defending the cyberspace sovereignty” and clearly proposes to “take all measures including economic, administrative, scientific, technological, legal, diplomatic, military, etc., and unswervingly maintain our network.” Space sovereignty.” It can be seen that the military must assume the military mission of using physical space and defend the national mission of the sovereign security and interests of virtual cyberspace.

Cyberspace sovereignty is the core interest of the state and an important component of national sovereignty. It indicates the independence, equal, self-defense and management power of the state in cyberspace. Once the hostile forces violated my cyberspace sovereignty, it would be equivalent to infringing on the national sovereignty of the physical space such as land, sea and air. China will have the right to take all measures including military means to give a firm response.

Internationally, the United States has long proposed a cyberspace deterrence strategy, declaring that attacks on US network information facilities are equivalent to war acts, and the United States will take military strikes to retaliate. Military means are the means of safeguarding national sovereignty and play a vital role in safeguarding national cyberspace security. Therefore, the military, air, sea and air military forces have been given the historical mission of protecting the cyberspace sovereignty. They must rely on the powerful physical space to defend the national interests of cyberspace and effectively deter the hostile forces from cyber-damaging attempts.

In accordance with the era of the Internet, the military must be the ballast stone to defend national security. The second item of the “Strategy” mission emphasizes the need to resolutely safeguard national security, prevent, deter and punish any use of the Internet for treason, secession, sedition, subversion or incitement to subvert the people’s democratic dictatorship.

In the era of information network, the military of all countries in the world has become an important participant in cyberspace. The level of cyberspace capability has become the main indicator for assessing the modernization of a country’s military. It is one of the main duties of the informationized military to carry out cyberspace missions and maintain national security.

Judging from the historical process of China’s development, it is necessary to be highly vigilant against the danger of the country being invaded, subverted, and divided in cyberspace in order to adapt to the national security strategy needs of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Highly alert to the reform caused by cyberspace. The danger of developing the overall situation is destroyed, and we are highly wary of the danger of interference and destruction in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Preventing problems before they occur requires the state to have the means to cope with and deal with these risks, and to have the powerful force to prevent, stop and legally punish cyberspace violations. Defending the country has always been an unshirkable historical responsibility of the military. The inherent mission and mission have determined that the Chinese military must assume the role of taking various measures in the cyberspace to safeguard the country’s political, economic, cultural security and social stability.

The strategic mission of both offensive and defensive, the military must be a strong backing to enhance the ability of cyberspace protection. The third and eighth items of the Nine Major Tasks in the Strategy clearly state that all necessary measures must be taken to protect key information infrastructure and its important data from attack and destruction, and that technology and management should be adhered to, protected and shocked; We will build a network space protection force that is commensurate with China’s international status and adapts to the network power. We will vigorously develop network security defense methods, timely discover and resist network intrusion, and build a strong backing for national security. Among all the political, diplomatic, military, and scientific and technological capabilities of the country to maintain security, military power has always been the foundation and support for all capabilities, the fundamental guarantee for all capabilities, and the ultimate support for national security.

Therefore, the military must undertake the strategic task of strengthening the national cyberspace protection capability. In the real society, the military is the reassurance of safeguarding national security, and it should also become the security dependence and guarantee of the people in cyberspace. As an important part of the national cyberspace protection capability, the military must achieve both offensive and defensive capabilities and a unified warfare. It has the ability to resolutely safeguard the interests and security of the country and the people in cyberspace, and effectively eliminate the various crises caused by cybersecurity threats. The turbulence of thoughts enables the people to truly feel that production and life are effectively protected and become the confidence of the people of the whole country in their confidence in the national network protection capabilities.

With the global responsibility of UNPROFOR, the military must be an important support for maintaining global cybersecurity. The last item of the “Strategy” mission clearly proposes to strengthen international cooperation in cyberspace, support the United Nations in playing a leading role, promote the development of universally accepted international rules on cyberspace, international anti-terrorism conventions on cyberspace, and improve the judicial assistance mechanism against cybercrime. International cooperation in the areas of policy and law, technological innovation, standards and regulations, emergency response, and protection of key information infrastructure.

Cyber ​​terrorism and cybercrime are new forms of global threat catalyzed by information network fermentation. They pose a huge threat to the political, economic, military and cultural security of all countries in the world. It is not enough to rely solely on the power of the government and the people. Western countries have given the military the responsibility to protect cybersecurity and the power to fight cyber terrorism. Maintaining the security and stability of global cyberspace is in the fundamental interests of China and the rest of the world. The military should become an important defender of global cyberspace security and an important force in combating global cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The globalization and unbounded nature of the Internet determine the international demand for combating cyber terrorism and transnational cybercrime. The military should promote military cooperation in network governance between countries under the framework of the UN Security Council, and use the strategies and technologies of the network era to establish joint defense and joint defense. Mechanism to effectively safeguard the security of the national and world cyberspace.

From “field training” to “network preparation”, new areas require new preparations for the military

Under the new historical situation, cyberspace puts forward new requirements for the military training and preparation mode. It should adapt to the new characteristics of cyberspace and the new mission of the military to carry out innovative reforms on the traditional model, and take the goal of strengthening the country and strengthening the military as the overall plan, and strengthen macro-coordination. Focusing on the legal needs of military operations in cyberspace, it closely follows the natural attributes of the “military and civilian integration” of cyberspace, builds a network security attack and defense system that combines peacetime and warfare, and builds a network defense force of “military and land use”.

Legislation empowerment provides a legal basis for the military to carry out its functional mission. The countries of the world, especially the western developed countries, attach great importance to the issue of network defense in cyber security legislation. The United States has successively issued a series of policies and regulations such as “National Security No. 16 Presidential Decree”, “Network Space Action Strategy”, and has continuously deepened and standardized on how to protect national network security in the field of network defense.

At present, it is necessary to clarify the duties and responsibilities of the cyberspace military from the legal level. It should be based on the National Security Law and the Cyber ​​Security Law, and introduce the network defense law and related cyberspace military operational regulations, for the construction of the network defense field and the military. The action provides regulatory support and a program of action to make the military’s responsibilities and mission in cyberspace more specific and specific.

First, through network defense legislation to further define network sovereignty and network frontiers, clear the scope of the military’s responsibilities.

The second is to establish the operational authority of the military to defend the national cyberspace security through the construction of cyber warfare laws and regulations, and to distinguish military means against network intrusion and network destruction. Third, through the cyberspace international cooperation policy, the military will coordinate with other countries and civilian forces to combat international cyber terrorism and cybercrime.

The integration of military and civilian provides an innovative driving force for the construction of a network powerhouse. The integration of military and civilian is the main practice for the world powers to enhance the competitiveness of cyberspace. For the construction of China’s network powerhouses, building a military-civilian network security attack and defense system and developing a military-land dual-use defense information infrastructure is to inspire the innovation of military cyberspace combat capability. Source.

The first is to coordinate the military, civilian, and functional departments of the state, the military, and various levels of government, set up special command and coordination agencies, mobilize all national network forces, and build a network security attack and defense system that combines “military and civilian integration” and “peace and war.”

The second is to issue guidance on the in-depth development of cybersecurity military-civilian integration as soon as possible, and gradually carry out basic legal research and demonstration of military-civilian integration to guide the development of medium- and long-term military-civil integration.

Third, relying on the country’s existing public mobile communication network, optical fiber communication network and satellite system, the military and civilians will jointly build an information infrastructure covering the entire army of the whole country, and realize the unified construction and sharing of military and civilian.

The fourth is to establish an emergency response mechanism for military-civilian joints, increase the ability to train military authorities to control events, strengthen experts and emergency professional strength, and enhance the ability to quickly recover damaged networks or information systems.

Military-civilian joint training provides a practical environment for the generation of cyberspace military capabilities. The military-civilian sharing characteristics of cyberspace make military-civilian joint training an important means of military training in cyberspace around the world. The United States and NATO countries and other cyberspace joint military and civilian exercises have formed a series of, “network storm” and “network guards” and other exercises have attracted the participation of the government, enterprises, research institutions and even civilian hackers. Our military cyberspace military strength training also needs to attract a wide range of civil forces to participate.

First, do a good job in military and political cooperation, establish a military-civilian joint offensive and defensive drill mechanism, learn from the red-blue confrontation training methods in cyber warfare drills in developed countries such as the United States, actively build a “national network shooting range”, plan a series of joint exercises of the government and non-government organizations, and enhance the integration of military and civilian. The level of attack and defense of the network of the government and the people.

The second is to do a good job in military-enterprise cooperation, relying on net-based enterprises to set up a training field on the Internet, to promote the ability of the military and civilians to attack and defend, and jointly improve the ability to prevent unknown risks.

The third is to organize private network security companies and hacker talents, carry out network security competitions and other activities, and verify each other to jointly improve the level of network security protection technology and tactics.

The network reserve service provides a source of strength for building a powerful network army. As a backup supplement to the national defense force, reserve service has both military and civilian characteristics and is a powerful measure to realize the organic unification of cyberspace economic development and national defense construction.

First, it is led by the national security department, and overall planning is carried out according to national interests. A series of laws and regulations conducive to the construction of the network national defense reserve are introduced. From the top level, the main division of labor, promotion strategy, interest coordination, etc. of the military and civilian construction in the network defense reserve construction are solved. problem.

The second is to innovate the reserve organization and comprehensive coordination mechanism, and plan to integrate the reserve construction into all levels and fields of national network information development.

The third is to focus on the reform of the military and local management modes. Based on the management mechanisms of the provincial and municipal governments, the military, and local enterprises and institutions, establish a network of national defense reserve personnel to jointly cultivate and use the mechanism, improve the national emergency mobilization mechanism, and establish a national network defense special talent. The database will include the construction of network militia and reserve forces into the scope of mobilization of the people’s armed forces. In normal times, they will be incorporated into the militia emergency detachment for training. In an emergency, select the capable personnel to participate in the non-war military operations missions, and the wartime will be recruited according to the requirements. To transform the national defense potential into national defense strength. 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

原載:《國防參考》2017年第3期

網絡空間誕生於軍事領域,如首台計算機、阿帕網和GPS導航系統等都源於軍方,時至今日,網絡空間安全已與國家安全息息相關,軍隊又再次成為維護國家網絡空間安全的主角,無論是面對常態化的網絡滲透,還是大規模的網絡攻擊,都迫切需要軍隊從守衛“網絡營門”走向守衛“網絡國門”,突破傳統的軍隊使命任務,突破傳統的應戰備戰模式,以全新的網絡國防思維,鑄造網絡時代國之堅盾。

從“網絡營門”到“網絡國門”,新時代帶來軍隊使命新趨勢

網絡空間不僅事關國家戰略利益維護,直接影響政治、經濟、文化安全和社會發展,也成為現代戰場聯合作戰的血脈和紐帶。中國軍隊不能局限於維護軍營內部網絡安全,更要主動適應時代趨勢,勇於承擔把守“網絡國門”的國家擔當。網絡強軍是網絡強國建設的重要一環,從“網絡營門”走向“網絡國門”是信息時代國內外形勢發展的必然趨勢。

守衛“網絡國門”是網絡空間安全形勢所迫。中國作為第一網絡大國,安全狀況不容樂觀,戰略對手從未停止對我網絡作戰準備。美、英、法等國積極備戰網絡空間,通過網絡空間安全立法賦予軍隊職能,發展網絡戰部隊,研發網絡戰武器裝備,將戰爭推進到了人類的“第五空間”,特別是在中國日益強大崛起的歷史進程中,西方國家在冷戰思維和遏制顛覆戰略的主導下,利用網絡技術手段和傳播方式實施不間斷的騷擾、顛覆和網絡攻擊行動,嚴重影響我國家安全與社會發展,中國逐漸成為網絡安全威脅的重災區、病毒攻擊的試驗場、意識滲透的目的地,國家安全面臨著巨大風險。

未來一段時期內,中國作為新興大國,與各方利益衝突還將加劇,堅定推進網絡國防戰略,加強網絡空間的作戰準備,是積極爭取網絡空間的主導權和話語權的必然途徑,也是中國崛起的必由之路。軍隊作為國家安全穩定的主要力量,必須適應網絡空間特點要求,成為抗擊網絡入侵、網絡顛覆的中堅和主力,維護國家安全和社會穩定。

打贏網絡戰爭是信息時代新軍事變革所趨。網絡技術作為信息時代最先進生產力之一,使得網絡空間作戰成為引導現代戰爭形態演變的主導因素,影響著戰爭全局。近年來,從伊朗“震網”攻擊、俄格衝突網絡戰、烏克蘭電網遭大規模阻癱以及美軍對IS的網絡攻擊,網絡空間在實戰中所展現出的巨大作用逐漸顯現,預示著網絡作戰已成為未來聯合作戰重要樣式。

美軍高度重視網絡空間軍備建設,成立網絡空間司令部,推出網絡空間聯合作戰條令,大幅度擴編網絡戰部隊,極力維護其在網絡空間霸權,把對網絡空間控制能力作為形成“第三次抵消戰略”絕對優勢最重要的競爭內容。

世界多國紛紛跟進,網絡空間軍事化趨勢明顯。嚴峻的網絡空間軍事鬥爭形勢要求中國軍隊著眼網絡戰場空間變化,適應信息化戰爭時代要求,實現在網絡空間能打仗、打勝仗的強軍目標。

有效網絡懾戰是加速網絡強國建設內在所需。在中國由網絡大國向網絡強國發展過程中,離不開強大的網絡空間軍事力量作為保障。網絡空間國際競爭表現為國家綜合實力的全面博弈,其中,網絡軍事能力建設的好壞,直接關係到國家安全與穩定,牽一發而動全身,是整個國家安全領域的核心要素。

當前,世界各國在網絡空間的利益互相滲透,出現“你中有我、我中有你,互相合作,共同發展”的局面。但是這種共同發展是不對等的,美國及西方強國利用網絡空間主導權,已經取得了一定的網絡懾戰優勢,使我網絡發展及利益受制於人。軍隊如何在網絡強國建設中完成守土有責的使命重托,前提就是要形成能夠遏制危機、懾控對手的網絡攻防能力,確保和平發展的網絡環境。

因此,軍隊需要確立有效懾戰的威懾戰略目標,形成能與敵“相互摧毀”的戰略制衡能力,從而增強戰略競爭力,懾止網絡空間侵略,保障網絡強國戰略順利推進。

從“守土有責”到“護網衛國”,新形勢要求軍隊承擔新任務

軍隊是保衛國家安全的主力和柱石,網絡空間也不例外。 2015年7月1日施行的《國家安全法》規定:“中華人民共和國公民、一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各人民團體、企業事業組織和其他社會組織,都有維護國家安全的責任和義務。”2016年11月頒布的《網絡安全法》強調了要維護網絡空間主權和國家安全。

在這兩個國家法律的基礎上,2016年12月27日,《國家網絡空間安全戰略》(下文簡稱《戰略》)正式出台,為在新的起點上開創網絡強國新格局提供了總體指導和基本遵循,明確提出了九大戰略任務,進一步體現了軍隊在建設網絡強國進程中的使命任務。

全力護網的國家使命,軍隊要做捍衛網絡空間主權的堅強柱石。 《戰略》中列出的九大戰略任務首項就是“堅定捍衛網絡空間主權”,明確提出要“採取包括經濟、行政、科技、法律、外交、軍事等一切措施,堅定不移地維護我國網絡空間主權”。可見,軍隊須承擔起運用實體空間的軍事手段,保衛虛擬網絡空間主權安全和利益的國家使命。

網絡空間主權是國家的核心利益,是國家主權的重要組成,表明國家在網絡空間所擁有的獨立權、平等權、自衛權和管理權。一旦敵對勢力侵犯了我網絡空間主權,就等同於侵犯了我陸海空等實體空間的國家主權,中國將有權利採取包括軍事手段在內的一切措施給予堅決回擊。

在國際上,美國早就提出網絡空間威懾戰略,宣告對美國網絡信息設施的攻擊等同於戰爭行為,美國會採取軍事打擊措施進行報復。軍事手段是維護國家主權的保底手段,在維護國家網絡空間安全中發揮著至關重要的作用。因此,陸海空天軍事力量理所應當地被賦予了保護網絡空間主權的歷史使命,必須憑藉強大的實體空間武力保衛網絡空間的國家利益,有力震懾敵對勢力的網絡破壞企圖。

依網衛國的時代擔當,軍隊要做保衛國家安全的壓艙石。 《戰略》任務的第二項著力強調要堅決維護國家安全,防範、制止和依法懲治任何利用網絡進行叛國、分裂國家、煽動叛亂、顛覆或者煽動顛覆人民民主專政政權的行為。

信息網絡時代,世界各國軍隊都已經成為網絡空間重要參與者,網絡空間能力水平成為評估一個國家軍隊現代化程度的主要指標,遂行網絡空間使命任務、維護國家安全成為信息化軍隊的主要職責之一。

從中國發展所處的歷史進程來看,要適應全面建成小康社會決勝階段的國家安全戰略需求,必須高度警惕國家在網絡空間被侵略、被顛覆、被分裂的危險,高度警惕由網絡空間引發改革發展大局被破壞的危險,高度警惕中國特色社會主義發展進程被干擾、破壞的危險。

防患於未然,要求國家必須具有應對和處置這些危險的手段措施,具有防範、制止和依法懲治網絡空間違法破壞行為的強大力量。保衛國家歷來是軍隊不可推卸的歷史責任,固有的使命任務決定了中國軍隊必須承擔起在網絡空間採取各種措施,維護國家政治、經濟、文化安全和社會穩定的時代擔當。

攻防兼備的戰略任務,軍隊要做提升網絡空間防護能力的堅強後盾。 《戰略》中九大任務的第三項和第八項明確提出,要採取一切必要措施保護關鍵信息基礎設施及其重要數據不受攻擊破壞,要堅持技術和管理並重、保護和震懾並舉;要建設與我國國際地位相稱、與網絡強國相適應的網絡空間防護力量,大力發展網絡安全防御手段,及時發現和抵禦網絡入侵,鑄造維護國家網絡安全的堅強後盾。在國家所有維護安全的政治、外交、軍事、科技能力中,軍事力量歷來是所有能力的基礎和支撐,是所有能力的根本保障,是國家安全的最終依托。

因此,軍隊必須承擔起提升國家網絡空間防護能力堅強後盾的戰略任務。現實社會中,軍隊是維護國家安全的定心丸,在網絡空間也同樣應成為人民群眾的安全依賴和保障。軍隊作為國家網絡空間防護能力生成的重要一環,必須做到攻防兼備、懾戰一體,有能力堅決維護國家和人民在網絡空間的利益和安全,能夠有效消除網絡安全威脅造成的各種危機和思想動盪,使人民能夠切實感受到生產生活得到有效保護,成為全國人民對國家網絡防護能力充滿信心的底氣所在。

聯防聯治的全球責任,軍隊要做維護全球網絡安全的重要支撐。 《戰略》任務最後一項明確提出要強化網絡空間國際合作,支持聯合國發揮主導作用,推動制定各方普遍接受的網絡空間國際規則、網絡空間國際反恐公約,健全打擊網絡犯罪司法協助機制,深化在政策法律、技術創新、標準規範、應急響應、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等領域的國際合作。

網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪是經過信息網絡發酵催化出的全球威脅新形態,對世界上所有國家的政治、經濟、軍事、文化安全都構成巨大威脅,僅僅依靠政府和民間的力量是不夠的,美國等西方國家紛紛賦予軍隊保護網絡安全的職責和打擊網絡恐怖主義的權限。維護全球網絡空間安全與穩定符合中國以及世界各國的根本利益,軍隊應成為全球網絡空間安全的重要維護者,成為打擊全球網絡恐怖主義和網絡犯罪的重要力量。

網絡的全球化、無界性決定了打擊網絡恐怖主義和跨國網絡犯罪的國際需求,軍隊應在聯合國安理會的框架下,推進國家間網絡治理軍事合作,利用網絡時代的戰略和技術,建立聯防聯治機制,切實維護國家和世界網絡空間安全。

從“沙場練兵”到“網絡備戰”,新領域需要軍隊備戰新舉措

在新的歷史形勢下,網絡空間對軍隊練兵備戰模式提出了全新的要求,應適應網絡空間新特點和軍隊新使命對傳統模式進行創新改革,以強國強軍目標為統攬,加強宏觀統籌,著眼網絡空間軍事行動的法理需求,緊扣網絡空間“軍民一體”的天然屬性,建設“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系,打造“軍地兩用”的網絡國防力量。

立法賦權,為軍隊遂行職能使命提供法理依據。世界各國尤其是西方發達國家在網絡安全立法上高度重視網絡國防問題。美國先後出台了《國家安全第16號總統令》《網絡空間行動戰略》等一系列政策法規,對如何在網絡國防領域保護國家網絡安全進行了不斷的深化規範。

當前,從法律層面釐清網絡空間軍隊的職責任務非常必要,應以《國家安全法》《網絡安全法》為依據,出台網絡國防法和有關網絡空間軍事作戰條令法規,為網絡國防領域建設和軍事行動提供法規支撐和行動綱領,使軍隊在網絡空間的職責和使命更加明確具體。

一是通過網絡國防立法進一步界定網絡主權和網絡邊疆,清晰軍隊的職責範圍。

二是通過網絡作戰法規建設,明確軍隊遂行保衛國家網絡空間安全的行動權限,區分應對網絡入侵、網絡破壞等行為的軍事手段。三是通過網絡空間國際合作政策,明確軍隊協同他國、民間力量等打擊國際網絡恐怖主義、網絡犯罪的職能任務。

軍民融合,為網絡強國建設提供創新動力。軍民融合是世界強國提升網絡空間競爭力的主要做法,對於中國網絡強國建設來說,構建軍民融合網絡安全攻防體系,開發軍地兩用的國防信息基礎設施,是激發軍隊網絡空間作戰能力創新的源泉。

一是統籌國家、軍隊和各級政府等軍民融合職能部門,設置專門的指揮協調機構,調動一切國家網絡力量,建設“軍民一體”“平戰結合”的網絡安全攻防體系。

二是盡快出台網絡安全軍民融合深度發展指導性意見,逐步展開軍民融合基本法律研究論證,指導中長期軍民融合發展。

三是依托國家現有公共移動通信網、光纖通信網及衛星系統,軍民共建覆蓋全國全軍的信息基礎設施,實現軍民統建、分管共享。

四是建立軍民聯合的應急響應機制,加大培訓軍地主管部門控制事態的能力,加強專家和應急專業力量,提升快速恢復受損網絡或信息系統的能力。

軍民聯訓,為網絡空間軍事能力生成提供實戰化環境。網絡空間的軍民共用特性使得軍民聯訓成為世界各國網絡空間軍事演訓的重要方式。美國及北約等國家的網絡空間軍民聯合演習已經形成系列化,“網絡風暴”“網絡衛士”等演練活動吸引了政府、企業、研究機構甚至民間黑客的廣泛參與。我軍網絡空間軍事力量訓練也需要廣泛吸引民間力量參與。

一是搞好軍政合作,建立軍民聯合攻防演練機制,借鑒美國等發達國家網絡戰演練中的紅藍對抗訓練方法,積極建設“國家網絡靶場”,策劃政府、民間機構系列聯合演習,提升軍民一體、官民一體的網絡攻防水平。

二是搞好軍企協作,在互聯網上依靠網信企業設置演練場區,促進軍民之間攻防能力磨合,共同提高防範未知風險能力。

三是組織民間網絡安全公司和黑客人才,開展網絡安全競賽等活動,互相印證,共同提高網絡安全防護技戰術水平。

網絡預備役,為建設強大網軍提供力量源泉。預備役作為國防力量的後備補充,兼有軍事和民用雙重特點,是實現網絡空間經濟發展與國防建設有機統一的有力舉措。

一是以國家安全部門為主導,依據國家利益進行統籌規劃,出台有利於網絡國防預備役建設的系列法規政策,從頂層上解決網絡國防預備役建設中軍民共建的主體分工、推進策略、利益協調等問題。

二是創新預備役組織領導體制和綜合協調機制,有計劃地把預備役建設融入國家網絡信息化發展的各個層面和各個領域。

三是著眼軍隊和地方兩頭管理模式改革,以各省市政府、軍隊和地方企事業單位的管理機制為依托,建立網絡國防預備役人才聯合培養使用機制,完善國家應急動員機制,建立國家網絡防禦專用人才數據庫,將網絡民兵和預備役部隊建設納入人民武裝動員的範圍,平時按規定編入民兵應急分隊進行訓練,急時挑選精干人員隨隊參加遂行非戰爭軍事行動任務,戰時按需要成建制徵召使用,使國防潛力轉變為國防實力。

Referring url: http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0417/c1011-29215670.html

Communist Chinese Cyber Fundamentals : Strategic Thinking of Network Power //共產主義中國網絡基礎:網絡權力的戰略思考

Communist Chinese Fundamentals : Strategic Thinking of Network Power //

共產主義基本原理:網絡權力的戰略思考

Author: 中國共產黨

Date: 2017

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping has attached great importance to and vigorously promoted cybersecurity and informationization, profoundly grasped the characteristics of the development of the information age of human society, and objectively analyzed the current national conditions of China’s Internet development and the development of global Internet. The situation has successively issued a series of important speeches, and put forward a series of new ideas, new ideas and new theories on the governance of the Internet, and scientifically answered the major question of “why build a network power, build a network power and how to build a network power”. Formed Xi Jinping’s strategic thinking of network power. Seriously studying these new ideas is of great significance to promoting the building of a network-building nation and realizing the “two hundred years” struggle goal and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

First, why build a network power

On February 27, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping initially proposed the vision of building a network power in the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, and systematically explained the background, situation, tasks and connotations of the network power. Requirements, thus making this idea a relatively complete, systematic theoretical system.

Xi Jinping put forward a rigorous logical relationship between the strategic thinking of the network power, starting from the foundation of the big power network, in view of the overall situation of the network business and the new situation changes, especially objectively analyzing the existing gap and strengthening the strategy of building a network power. aims. In his speech, Xi Jinping pointed out that in today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day, which has had a profound impact on the development of international politics, economy, culture, society and military. Informatization and economic globalization have promoted each other, and the Internet has been integrated into all aspects of social life, profoundly changing people’s production and lifestyle. China is in the midst of this tide and is getting more and more affected. China’s Internet and informatization work has achieved remarkable development achievements. The network has entered thousands of households, and the number of Internet users is the highest in the world. China has become a big network country. This is our basic premise. He pointed out that the Internet is a big platform for social information. The hundreds of millions of Internet users have access to information and exchange information. This will have an important impact on their ways of seeking knowledge, ways of thinking, and values. In particular, they will be against the country, society, and Work and perceptions of life have an important impact. Xi Jinping emphasized that cybersecurity and informatization are all about the whole world of a country. We must recognize the situation and tasks we are facing, fully understand the importance and urgency of doing a good job, and seek for the situation. Take the trend and follow the trend. This is all about the whole. Xi Jinping pointed out that with the development of the Internet, especially the mobile Internet, the social governance model is shifting from one-way management to two-way interaction, from offline to online and offline integration, from simple government supervision to more emphasis on social coordinated governance. This is a change in the situation. In today’s world, information technology is developing very fast. If you don’t advance, you will retreat. Compared with the world’s advanced level, compared with the strategic goal of building a network power, we still have a lot of gaps in many aspects, especially in terms of Internet innovation capability, infrastructure construction, information resource sharing, and industrial strength. The biggest gap is in core technology.

Second, what kind of network power to build

Xi Jinping pointed out that without cyber security, there would be no national security, and without informationization, there would be no modernization. To build a network power, we must have our own technology and have strong technology; we must have rich and comprehensive information services, a prosperous and developing network culture; we must have a good information infrastructure to form a strong information economy; we must have a high-quality network. Security and information technology talent team; we must actively carry out bilateral and multilateral Internet international exchanges and cooperation. He also stressed that cyberspace is the spiritual home of hundreds of millions of people. The cyberspace is clear and ecological, and is in line with the interests of the people. The cyberspace is smouldering and deteriorating, and it is not in the interests of the people.

In a nutshell, there are at least six major signs of network power: First, the network information infrastructure must be at the world’s leading level. The second is to have a clear cyberspace strategy and a network voice in the international community. Third, the key technologies must be self-controllable, especially the operating system and CPU technology. Fourth, network security must have sufficient safeguards and capabilities. Fifth, network applications should be at the world’s leading level in terms of scale and quality. Sixth, in the cyberspace strategy, we must have the ability and strength to occupy the commanding heights.

The Outline of the National Informatization Strategy proposes that the construction of a network powerhouse is divided into three steps: the first step is to 2020, the total amount of information consumption will reach 6 trillion yuan, and the scale of e-commerce transactions will reach 38 trillion yuan. At the international advanced level, the international competitiveness of the information industry has been greatly enhanced, and information technology has become the leading force driving the modernization drive. The second step is to 20 billion yuan in information consumption by 2025, and the scale of e-commerce transactions has reached 67 trillion yuan. The leading mobile communication network fundamentally changes the core key technologies to be controlled by people, realizes the strategic goals of advanced technology, developed industry, advanced application, and insecure network security. A large number of large-scale multinational network enterprises with strong international competitiveness emerge; By the middle of this century, informationization has comprehensively supported the building of a socialist modernized country with rich, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious relations. The status of a network powerhouse has been increasingly consolidated, and it has made greater achievements in leading the development of global informationization.

Xi Jinping planned the timetable for building a network powerhouse. The strategic deployment of building a network powerhouse should be promoted in parallel with the goal of “two hundred years”, the basic popularization of network infrastructure, the enhancement of independent innovation capability, the comprehensive development of information economy, and network security. Ensuring strong goals continue to advance.

Third, how to build a network power

(1) Fundamental requirements: People-centered

Governing the country is always the same, and the people are oriented. Xi Jinping emphasized that in order to develop the network business, it is necessary to implement the people-centered development thinking. It is necessary to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, accelerate the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide useful, affordable and well-used information services for the people, so that hundreds of millions of people can gain more sense of sharing Internet development results. . Compared with cities, rural Internet infrastructure construction is our shortcoming. It is necessary to increase investment, speed up the pace of rural Internet construction, and expand the effective coverage of fiber-optic networks and broadband networks in rural areas. We can do a good job in the in-depth integration of informatization and industrialization, develop smart manufacturing, and drive more people to innovate and start a business; we can aim at the main direction of agricultural modernization, improve the level of agricultural production intelligence and network management, and help farmers increase their income; Give full play to the advantages of the Internet, implement “Internet + education”, “Internet + medical”, “Internet + culture”, etc., to promote the equalization of basic public services; can play the role of the Internet in helping to overcome poverty and promote accurate poverty alleviation and precision poverty alleviation, Let more difficult people use the Internet, let agricultural products go out of the country through the Internet, and enable children in the ravine to receive quality education; accelerate the promotion of e-government, encourage government departments at all levels to break down information barriers, improve service efficiency, and let the people run less errands. More information, running, solving problems that are difficult to handle, slow, and complicated. There are many things to do in these areas. Some Internet companies have already tried and achieved good economic and social benefits.

On November 29, 2016, the National Network Poverty Alleviation Work Promotion Meeting was held in Ningdu, Jiangxi. “We must implement the network poverty alleviation action, promote accurate poverty alleviation, and accurately eliminate poverty, so that poverty alleviation work can be accessible anytime and anywhere, so that people in poverty-stricken areas have more sense of gaining in the Internet construction and sharing.” General Secretary Xi is an important indicator in the old Red Revolution. Once again, the network’s poverty alleviation has become a new lever to win the overall well-off.

(II) Concept requirements: Practicing the five development concepts

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward a new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. This is based on profoundly summarizing domestic and foreign development experience and lessons, and in-depth analysis of domestic and international development trends. Our party has a new understanding of China’s economic and social development laws. Promoting China’s economic and social development in accordance with the new development concept is the general requirement and general trend of China’s development in the current and future period. The ancients said: “At any time, to raise things, to make meritorious deeds due to capital, and to profit from the power of all things.” The development of China’s online letter business should adapt to this general trend. Generally speaking, the network letter business represents new productivity and new development direction, and should be able to take the lead in practicing the new development concept.

Innovation is the core strength of the development of the network business. Innovation is the genes of Internet development. The concept innovation and technological innovation of the Internet are the needs of its own development. If there is no progress in the Internet tide, there will be no living space without innovation. We must always place innovation at the forefront, promote institutional and institutional innovation, concept innovation, technological innovation, and application innovation, and support the encouragement of Internet entrepreneurs, leading talents, and engineers to create and create innovative technologies for the development of the Internet. Xi Jinping pointed out at the 2nd World Internet Conference: “China is implementing the ‘Internet +’ action plan, promoting the construction of ‘Digital China’, developing the sharing economy, supporting various Internet-based innovations, and improving the quality and efficiency of development.”

Coordination is the inherent requirement of the development of the network business. Whether it is domestic or foreign, there are problems of unbalanced and uncoordinated development of network security and informationization. To solve these problems, we must establish a concept of coordinated development, eliminate the digital divide, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, regional differences, and ensure information security. Balanced development, all-round development, and safe development. At the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, Xi Jinping pointed out: “From the international and domestic general trend, the overall layout, co-ordinate all parties, innovation and development, and strive to build China into a network power.”

Green development is an important guarantee for the healthy development of the network business. The information industry is a green industry. Informationization and networking are supporting the application and upgrading of industries, agriculture, and national defense, and promoting green development, low-carbon development, and circular development. It is necessary to carry forward the main theme, spread positive energy, and make the cyberspace clear. At the symposium on April 19, 2016, Xi Jinping pointed out: “The cyberspace is clear and ecological, and it is in line with the interests of the people. The cyberspace is smouldering and ecologically degraded, which is not in the interest of the people.” He also stressed: “We want this Responsible for the society and responsible for the people, strengthen the cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, strengthen the construction of online content, strengthen the positive publicity on the Internet, foster a positive and healthy, up-to-good network culture, and nourish the social core values ​​and the outstanding achievements of human civilization. People’s hearts, nourish the society, and achieve positive energy and high melody, creating a clean and cyberspace for the majority of Internet users, especially young people.”

Openness is the essential feature of the development of the network business. The Internet has opened the door to openness in all countries of the world. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Internet has turned the world into a global village where the sound of chickens and dogs is heard. People who are thousands of miles away are no longer ‘old and dead.’ It can be said that the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and life is more because of the Internet. Rich.” The development of China’s Internet industry is inseparable from the world, and the Internet industry in the world cannot be separated from China. Xi Jinping pointed out at the Second World Internet Conference: “The Internet in China is booming, providing a broad market space for enterprises and entrepreneurs in various countries. The door to China’s opening will never be closed, and the policy of using foreign capital will not change. Foreign-invested enterprises The protection of legitimate rights and interests will not change, and the direction for countries and enterprises to provide better services in China will not change. He also stressed: “All countries should promote open cooperation in the Internet field, enrich the open connotation, increase the level of openness, and build more Communicate and cooperate with the platform to create more points of interest, cooperation growth, and win-win new highlights, and promote mutual complementarity and common development in the cyberspace, so that more countries and people can take advantage of the information age of express trains and share Internet development results.” We must actively participate in international Internet exchanges and cooperation, learn from the advanced experience and technological achievements of countries around the world, grasp and lead the development trend of the Internet, and promote open cooperation and mutual benefit for cyberspace.

Sharing is the fundamental purpose of the development of the network business. Serving the people and benefiting the people’s livelihood is the fundamental starting point and the foothold of China’s Internet development. Xi Jinping stressed: “In order to develop the network, the company must implement the people-centered development thinking. It is necessary to adapt to the people’s expectations and needs, accelerate the popularization of information services, reduce the application cost, and provide the people with the necessary, affordable and useful. Good information services will enable hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results. “We must push the network into thousands of households and guide the people to understand the world, master information, exchange ideas, innovate and improve, and improve through the Internet. Life, let the Internet development achievements not only benefit the 1.3 billion Chinese people, but also benefit the people of all countries in the world.

(3) Governance requirements: safety and development go hand in hand

In 2014, Xi Jinping emphasized at the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group that “maintenance of network space security and network data integrity, security, reliability, and maintenance of network space security capabilities.” He also called for the overall relationship between network security and informatization. “Network security and informatization are two wings and two wheels of integration. They must be unified planning, unified deployment, unified promotion, and unified implementation. Do a good job in network security and informationization. Work, we must handle the relationship between security and development, to achieve coherence, go hand in hand, to ensure development by safety, to promote safety through development, to strive to build a long-term security, growth and governance.” Two years later, at the symposium, he pointed out again “Network security and informatization are mutually reinforcing. Security is the premise of development, development is the guarantee of security, and security and development must advance simultaneously. From a global perspective, cybersecurity threats and risks are increasingly prominent, and increasingly toward politics, economy, Conductive penetration in the fields of culture, society, ecology, national defense, etc., especially the key information infrastructure of the country Face greater potential risks, prevention and control of network security capability is weak, it is difficult to effectively deal with national, organized high-strength network attacks. This is a problem for the world, we are certainly no exception. “

In addition, he pointed out that “in the face of complex and severe network security situation, we must remain clear-headed, and all parties must jointly manage and effectively maintain network security.” First, establish a correct view of network security. The idea determines the action. There are several main features of today’s network security. First, cybersecurity is holistic rather than fragmented. Second, network security is dynamic rather than static. Third, cybersecurity is open rather than closed. Fourth, cybersecurity is relative rather than absolute. Fifth, cybersecurity is common rather than isolated. Second, accelerate the construction of a key information infrastructure security system. Third, all-weather perception of the network security situation. Fourth, enhance network security defense capabilities and deterrence capabilities.

(4) Cadre requirements: Take the network mass line and build a concentric circle

The mass line is the fundamental line of our party. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The netizens come from the common people, the people are on the net, and the public opinion is on the net. Where are the people, where are our leading cadres going, or how to contact the masses? Party and government organs and leading cadres at all levels must learn Take the mass route through the Internet, often go online to see, dive, chat, and voice, understand what the masses think, collect good ideas and suggestions, and actively respond to netizens’ concerns and doubts. Be good at using the Internet to understand public opinion and work. It is the basic skill of leading cadres to do their work well under the new situation.”

How to take the network mass route? Xi Jinping gave the method. “The majority of netizens are ordinary people, come from all directions, and their experiences are different. The opinions and ideas must be varied. They cannot be asked to be so accurate and correct about all issues. To be more inclusive. And patience, timely absorption of constructive opinions, timely assistance for difficulties, timely referrals to those who do not understand the situation, timely clarification of vague understanding, timely resolution of complaints of resentment, timely guidance and correction of wrong opinions, Let the Internet become a new platform for us to communicate and communicate with the masses, and become a new way to understand the masses, be close to the masses, solve problems for the masses, and become a new channel for carrying forward people’s democracy and accepting people’s supervision.”

At the same time, Xi Jinping pointed out the efforts of cadres at all levels. “To correctly handle the relationship between security and development, openness and autonomy, management and service, and constantly improve the ability to grasp the laws of the Internet, the ability to guide the public opinion, and the development of informationization. Capabilities, the ability to guarantee network security, and the continuous advancement of network power construction.”

(5) Management requirements: unified leadership, management according to law

The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 36th collective study on the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country by the Internet. Accelerate the improvement of network management.

Xi Jinping put forward requirements from the institutional mechanism. He emphasized that the central cybersecurity and informationization leading group should play a centralized and unified leadership role, coordinate and coordinate major issues of cybersecurity and informatization in various fields, and formulate and implement national cybersecurity and informationization development strategies. , macro-planning and major policies, continuously enhance security and security capabilities.

Instructed from the management ideas, in China, more than 700 million people on the Internet, certainly need to manage, and this management is very complicated and very heavy. Enterprises must assume the responsibility of enterprises, and the party and the government must assume the responsibility of the party and the government. No side can give up their responsibilities. It is necessary to deeply understand the role of the Internet in state management and social governance, and to promote e-government and build a new smart city, and to build a nationally integrated national big data center with data concentration and sharing as a way to promote technology integration. Business integration, data integration, and cross-level, cross-regional, cross-system, cross-department, and cross-business collaborative management and services. It is necessary to strengthen the Internet thinking, take advantage of the flat, interactive and rapid advantages of the Internet, promote the scientific decision-making of the government, the precision of social governance, the efficiency of public services, and better use the means of information to better understand the social situation, smooth communication channels, and assist decision-making governance. .

From the legislative norms to point out the direction, we must promptly formulate legislative plans, improve Internet information content management, key information infrastructure protection and other laws and regulations, manage cyberspace in accordance with the law, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens. It is necessary to strictly guard against cybercrime, especially new cybercrime, and safeguard the interests of the people and the harmony and stability of society. It is necessary to speed up the process of network legislation, improve the regulatory measures according to law, and resolve network risks. It is necessary to strengthen the management of big data in accordance with the law. Some data concerning national interests and national security are in the hands of Internet companies, and enterprises must ensure the security of these data. Enterprises should pay attention to data security. If the company has problems with data protection and security, it will also have an adverse impact on its own reputation.

It also puts forward hopes for the whole society. Network security is for the people, network security depends on the people, and maintaining network security is the common responsibility of the whole society. It requires the government, enterprises, social organizations and the majority of netizens to participate in the construction of a network security defense line. These characteristics must be well grasped by all relevant parties.

(6) Guarantee requirements: technological breakthroughs, construction of infrastructure and sharing systems

Xi Jinping emphasized that in order to grasp the initiative of China’s Internet development and safeguard Internet security and national security, we must break through the core technology and strive to achieve “curve overtaking” in certain areas and in certain aspects. To achieve breakthroughs in core technologies, we must have determination, perseverance, and focus. He hopes that the vast number of entrepreneurs, experts, scholars and scientific and technological personnel in the field of China’s online information should establish this ambition, strive for this tone, and strive to achieve new major breakthroughs in core technology as soon as possible. The so-called “days, not afraid of thousands of miles; often do, not afraid of thousands of things.”

Xi Jinping stressed that it is necessary to firmly hold the core technology of independent innovation, and to break through the cutting-edge technologies of network development and key core technologies with international competitiveness, accelerate the promotion of domestically controlled independent alternative plans, and build a safe and controllable information technology system. . First, correctly handle open and autonomous relationships. Second, concentrate on the scientific research investment to do big things. Third, actively promote the transformation of core technological achievements. Fourth, promote strong alliances and coordinated research. Fifth, we can explore the formation of an alliance of industry, academia and research, and open the list. To lay a solid foundation for the research and development of core technologies, it is necessary not only to blow up the charge, but also to blow up the collection number, that is, to accumulate the strongest forces together to form the commando and special forces.

Xi Jinping stressed that it is necessary to speed up the construction of a key information infrastructure security system. The key information infrastructure in the fields of finance, energy, electricity, communications, transportation, etc. is the nerve center of economic and social operation, the top priority of network security, and the target of possible key attacks. The “physical isolation” line of defense can be invaded across the network, the power allocation instructions can be maliciously tampered with, and the financial transaction information can be stolen. These are major risk hazards. If there is no problem, it will cause traffic disruption, financial disorder, power hupfer and other issues, which is very destructive and lethal. We must conduct in-depth research and take effective measures to effectively protect the country’s critical information infrastructure.

At the same time, he pointed out that it is necessary to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity through informationization, coordinate the development of e-government, build an integrated online service platform, promote the construction of new smart cities by hierarchical classification, open up information barriers, and build a national information resource sharing system. It is easy to use information technology to sense social situation, smooth communication channels, and assist scientific decision-making.

(7) Propaganda requirements: the most important thing, to build consensus

Xi Jinping pointed out that we must adhere to the attitude of being responsible to the society and responsible to the people, strengthen the cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, strengthen the construction of online content, strengthen the positive publicity on the Internet, foster a positive and healthy, up-to-good network culture, and use the socialist core values. outstanding achievements of human civilization and nourishing the heart, nourishing community, so that positive energy is abundant, the main theme of the high for the majority of Internet users, especially young people to create a Delicate gas is cyberspace.

Do online media work is a long-term task to improve the online promotion of innovation, the use of propagation network, promote the theme, stimulate positive energy, great efforts to cultivate and practice the socialist core values, when good grasp of the Internet to guide public opinion, and validity To make the cyberspace clear.

Forming a good online public opinion atmosphere is not to say that there can only be one voice, one tone, but that it cannot be used to confess right and wrong, reverse black and white, make a living, commit crimes, and cannot transcend the legal boundaries of the Constitution. An important means to put power into the cage of the system is to play the role of public opinion supervision, including Internet supervision. This article, party and government organs and leading cadres at all levels must pay special attention to, first of all, do a good job. We must not only welcome, but also carefully study and learn from the online criticism of goodwill and the supervision of the Internet, whether it is for the work of the party and the government or for the leading cadres, whether it is ruthless or loyal.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the new application of new technologies and new technologies in the Internet has made the social mobilization function of the Internet increasingly enhanced. To spread positive energy, enhance communication and guiding force. It is necessary to strictly guard against cybercrime, especially new cybercrime, and safeguard the interests of the people and the harmony and stability of society. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of network communication, experience, and sharing, listen to the will of the people, benefit the people’s livelihood, solve the people’s worries, and unite the social consensus. Online and offline networks should be united and coordinated, forming a good situation for jointly preventing social risks and building a concentric circle together. It is necessary to maintain the security of cyberspace and the integrity, security and reliability of network data, and improve the security of maintaining cyberspace.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the new application of new technologies and new technologies in the Internet has made the social mobilization function of the Internet increasingly enhanced. To spread positive energy, enhance communication and guiding force. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of network communication, experience, and sharing, listen to the will of the people, benefit the people’s livelihood, solve the people’s worries, and unite the social consensus. Online and offline networks should be united and coordinated, forming a good situation for jointly preventing social risks and building a concentric circle together.

(8) Talent requirements: unrestricted talents

“The people are happy, the losers are falling.” Xi Jinping stressed that to build a network power, we must bring together talent resources and build a strong team with strong politics, good business and good work style. “A thousand troops are easy to get, and one will be hard to find.” It is necessary to train scientists, network technology leaders, engineers, and high-level innovation teams that have created world-class skills.

In terms of ideas, he pointed out that the competition in cyberspace is, in the final analysis, talent competition. Building a network power, there is no outstanding talent team, no talent creation, vitality, and it is difficult to succeed. After reading the talents, you can get twice the result with half the effort. Our brains have to turn around, not only paying attention to capital, but also paying attention to talents. The intensity of introducing talents should be further increased, and the steps of reforming the talent system should be further developed. The field of network information can be tested first, and research should be carried out to formulate ways to attract talents, train talents, and retain talents.

In terms of scope, he pointed out that the development of China’s online letter industry must fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of entrepreneurs, experts, scholars and scientific and technological personnel. Entrepreneurs, experts, scholars, and scientific and technological personnel must have the responsibility of the state and social responsibility, and contribute their wisdom and strength to the development of the national network. Party committees and governments at all levels must respect knowledge and respect talents from the bottom of their hearts, create good conditions for talents to develop their intelligence, create a relaxed environment, and provide a broad platform.

In terms of methods, he pointed out that the Internet is mainly the cause of young people, and it is necessary to reduce talents. It is necessary to emancipate the mind, to recognize the talents, and to love the talents. To train netizen talents, we must make great efforts and make big money. We invite excellent teachers, compile excellent teaching materials, recruit outstanding students, and build a first-class cyberspace security college. Many talents in the Internet field are geeks and geniuses. They often do not take the usual routines and have many whimsy. There must be special policies for treating special talents, not requiring full blame, not arguing for seniority, and not using a ruler.

In terms of policy, he pointed out that it is necessary to adopt special policies, establish a personnel system and a salary system that adapt to the characteristics of online letters, and condense outstanding talents into technical departments, research departments, and management departments. It is necessary to establish a talent evaluation mechanism that adapts to the characteristics of online letters. The actual ability is the standard of measurement. It is not only academic, not only a thesis, not only a qualification, but also highlights professionalism, innovation and practicality. It is necessary to establish a flexible talent incentive mechanism to enable those who contribute to have a sense of accomplishment and a sense of acquisition. It is necessary to explore scientific research results, intellectual property rights, and interest distribution mechanisms in the field of online information, and formulate specific policies on talent stock participation, technology shareholding, and taxation. In the flow of talents, we must break the institutional boundaries and enable talents to achieve an orderly and smooth flow between the government, enterprises, and think tanks. The advantages of the “revolving door” system in foreign countries can also be used for reference.

At the station, he pointed out that there must be a global perspective on talent selection and the introduction of high-end talents. As China’s comprehensive national strength continues to increase, many countries’ talents also hope to come to China for development. We must take advantage of the trend, reform talents to introduce various supporting systems, and build a globally competitive talent system. No matter which country or region, as long as it is a good talent, it can be used for me. This work has been done by some enterprises and research institutes. I went to some enterprises and research institutes, and also talked with these talents imported from abroad. In this regard, we must increase our efforts to continuously improve our ability to allocate talent resources globally.

(9) Industry requirements: focus on self-discipline and healthy development

The development of a company is directly proportional to its social responsibility. Xi Jinping pointed out that China’s Internet enterprises have played an important role in stabilizing growth, promoting employment, and benefiting people’s livelihood, from small to large, from weak to strong. Let the company continue to develop healthily is not only the goal of entrepreneurs but also the needs of national development. The fate of a company is closely related to the development of the country. It is difficult to become stronger and bigger than the support of the state, the disengagement of the masses, and the service to the country and the people.

How to be stronger and bigger? Xi Jinping pointed out the direction: internally, it is necessary to introduce policies to support the development of enterprises, so that they become the main body of technological innovation and become the main body of information industry development. Externally, we must encourage and support China’s network enterprises to go out, deepen Internet international exchanges and cooperation, and actively participate in the construction of the “Belt and Road” to achieve “where the national interests are and where informationization will be covered”. Foreign Internet companies, as long as they comply with our laws and regulations, we are welcome.

How to avoid the phenomenon of “disconnecting one after another, killing one tube” that has often appeared in the past, and embarking on a new road of joint management and benign interaction? Xi Jinping gave the idea: First, insist on encouraging support and standard development in parallel. Enterprises should be encouraged and supported to become the main body of R&D, the main body of innovation, and the main body of industry. Encourage and support the cutting-edge technology of enterprise layout, promote independent innovation of core technologies, create and seize more opportunities, participate in international competition, and expand overseas development space. It is necessary to regulate market order and encourage healthy competition. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed to improve the system of property rights protection with fairness as the core principle, strengthen the protection of property rights of various ownership economic organizations and natural persons, and clean up laws and regulations that violate fairness. These requirements should be put in place as soon as possible. Second, adhere to policy guidance and management according to law. The government should create a favorable environment for enterprise development, accelerate the reform of the examination and approval system, financing system, and patent system, reduce duplication of testing and certification, implement a high-quality and high-price government procurement system, reduce the burden on enterprises, and remove institutional and institutional obstacles. At the same time, it is necessary to speed up the process of network legislation, improve the regulatory measures according to law, and resolve network risks. It is necessary to strengthen the management of big data in accordance with the law. Third, adhere to both economic and social benefits. Only a wealth of love is a truly meaningful asset. Only a company that actively assumes social responsibility is the most competitive and vital enterprise. It is hoped that the vast number of Internet companies will adhere to the unity of economic and social benefits, and at the same time of their own development, drink water and source, return the society and benefit the people. We must encourage and support our networked enterprises to go out, deepen the international exchanges and cooperation in the Internet, and actively participate in the construction of the “Belt and Road” to achieve “where the national interests are and where informationization will be covered”. Foreign Internet companies, as long as they comply with our laws and regulations, we are welcome.

(10) International requirements: building a community of destiny

With the multi-polarization of the world, economic globalization, cultural diversity, and in-depth development of social information, the Internet will play a greater role in promoting the progress of human civilization. At the same time, problems such as unbalanced development in the Internet field, unsound rules, and unreasonable order have become increasingly prominent. The information gap between different countries and regions is constantly widening. Existing cyberspace governance rules are difficult to reflect the wishes and interests of most countries; violations of personal privacy, intellectual property rights, cybercrime, etc. occur worldwide, network monitoring, cyber attacks, networks Terrorism and other activities have become global public nuisances.

Faced with these problems and challenges, the international community should strengthen dialogue and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and mutual trust, promote the reform of the global governance system of the Internet, and jointly build a cyberspace of peace, security, openness and cooperation, and establish multilateral, democratic and transparent. The global Internet governance system. It is proposed that “China is willing to work with the international community to adhere to the common prosperity of mankind, adhere to the concept of cyber sovereignty, promote global Internet governance in a more just and rational direction, and promote cyberspace to achieve equal respect, innovative development, open sharing, and security. The goal of the order.”

“The way of benefit is to go with time.” Cyberspace is the common space for human activities. The future of cyberspace should be mastered by all countries in the world. To promote the reform of the global Internet governance system, we should adhere to the four principles. Respect network sovereignty. Maintain peace and security. Promote open cooperation. Build a good order. Countries should strengthen communication, expand consensus, deepen cooperation, and jointly build a community of cyberspace destiny. In this regard, I would like to make five points. First, accelerate the construction of global network infrastructure and promote interconnection. Second, create an online cultural exchange and sharing platform to promote exchanges and mutual learning. Third, promote the innovation and development of the network economy and promote common prosperity. Fourth, safeguard network security and promote orderly development. Fifth, build an Internet governance system to promote fairness and justice. It has won the approval of most countries in the world.

Xi Jinping pointed out that the Internet is the common home of mankind and works together to build a community of cyberspace destiny. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer. Let us join hands to jointly promote the interconnection and sharing of cyberspace, share common governance, and help create a better future for human development!

Original Mandarin Chinese:

黨的十八大以來,以習近平同志為核心的黨中央高度重視、大力推進網絡安全和信息化工作,深刻把握人類社會發展信息時代階段特徵,客觀分析當前我國互聯網發展基本國情及全球互聯網發展新形勢,先後發表了一系列重要講話,提出了一系列治網新理念新思想新論斷,科學回答了“為什麼要建設網絡強國、建設什麼樣的網絡強國以及怎樣建設網絡強國”這一重大問題,形成了習近平網絡強國戰略思想。認真學習這些新思想,對於推進網絡強國建設,實現“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標和中華民族偉大復興的中國夢具有重要意義。

一、為什麼建設網絡強國

2014年2月27日,習近平總書記在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上初步提出了建設網絡強國的願景目標,並系統闡釋了網絡強國戰略思想的時代背景、形勢任務、內涵要求,從而使這一思想成為相對完整、系統的理論體系。

習近平提出網絡強國戰略思想的有著嚴謹的邏輯關係,從網絡大國的基礎出發,鑑於網信事業事關全局和麵臨的新形勢轉變,尤其是客觀剖析了存在的差距,堅定了建設網絡強國的戰略目標。習近平在講話中指出,當今世界,信息技術革命日新月異,對國際政治、經濟、文化、社會、軍事等領域發展產生了深刻影響。信息化和經濟全球化相互促進,互聯網已經融入社會生活方方面面,深刻改變了人們的生產和生活方式。我國正處在這個大潮之中,受到的影響越來越深。我國互聯網和信息化工作取得了顯著發展成就,網絡走入千家萬戶,網民數量世界第一,我國已成為網絡大國。這是我們的基礎前提。他指出,互聯網是一個社會信息大平台,億萬網民在上面獲得信息、交流信息,這會對他們的求知途徑、思維方式、價值觀念產生重要影響,特別是會對他們對國家、對社會、對工作、對人生的看法產生重要影響。習近平強調,網絡安全和信息化對一個國家很多領域都是牽一發而動全身的,要認清我們面臨的形勢和任務,充分認識做好工作的重要性和緊迫性,因勢而謀,應勢而動,順勢而為。這是事關全局。習近平指出,隨著互聯網特別是移動互聯網發展,社會治理模式正在從單向管理轉向雙向互動,從線下轉向線上線下融合,從單純的政府監管向更加註重社會協同治理轉變。這是形勢轉變。當今世界,信息化發展很快,不進則退,慢進亦退。同世界先進水平相比,同建設網絡強國戰略目標相比,我們在很多方面還有不小差距,特別是在互聯網創新能力、基礎設施建設、信息資源共享、產業實力等方面還存在不小差距,其中最大的差距在核心技術上。

二、建設什麼樣的網絡強國

習近平指出,沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全,沒有信息化就沒有現代化。建設網絡強國,要有自己的技術,有過硬的技術;要有豐富全面的信息服務,繁榮發展的網絡文化;要有良好的信息基礎設施,形成實力雄厚的信息經濟;要有高素質的網絡安全和信息化人才隊伍;要積極開展雙邊、多邊的互聯網國際交流合作。他還強調,網絡空間是億萬民眾共同的精神家園。網絡空間天朗氣清、生態良好,符合人民利益。網絡空間烏煙瘴氣、生態惡化,不符合人民利益。

概括地講,網絡強國至少有六大標誌:一是網絡信息化基礎設施要處於世界領先水平。二是要有明確的網絡空間戰略和國際社會中的網絡話語權。三是關鍵技術上要自主可控,特別是操作系統和CPU技術。四是網絡安全要有足夠的保障手段和能力。五是網絡應用在規模、質量等方面要處在世界領先水平。六是在網絡空間戰略中,要有佔領制高點的能力和實力。

《國家信息化戰略綱要》提出,建設網絡強國具體分三步走:第一步到2020年,信息消費總額達到6萬億元,電子商務交易規模達到38萬億元,核心關鍵技術部分領域達到國際先進水平,信息產業國際競爭力大幅提升,信息化成為驅動現代化建設的先導力量;第二步到2025年,信息消費總額達到12萬億元,電子商務交易規模達到67萬億元,建成國際領先的移動通信網絡,根本改變核心關鍵技術受制於人的局面,實現技術先進、產業發達、應用領先、網絡安全堅不可摧的戰略目標,湧現一批具有強大國際競爭力的大型跨國網信企業;第三步到本世紀中葉,信息化全面支撐富強民主文明和諧的社會主義現代化國家建設,網絡強國地位日益鞏固,在引領全球信息化發展方面有更大作為。

習近平規劃了建設網絡強國的時間表,建設網絡強國的戰略部署要與“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標同步推進,向著網絡基礎設施基本普及、自主創新能力顯著增強、信息經濟全面發展、網絡安全保障有力的目標不斷前進。

三、怎樣建設網絡強國

(一)根本要求:以人民為中心

治國有常,而利民為本。習近平強調,網信事業要發展,必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。要適應人民期待和需求,加快信息化服務普及,降低應用成本,為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務,讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感。相比城市,農村互聯網基礎設施建設是我們的短板。要加大投入力度,加快農村互聯網建設步伐,擴大光纖網、寬帶網在農村的有效覆蓋。可以做好信息化和工業化深度融合這篇大文章,發展智能製造,帶動更多人創新創業;可以瞄準農業現代化主攻方向,提高農業生產智能化、經營網絡化水平,幫助廣大農民增加收入;可以發揮互聯網優勢,實施“互聯網+教育”、“互聯網+醫療”、“互聯網+文化”等,促進基本公共服務均等化;可以發揮互聯網在助推脫貧攻堅中的作用,推進精準扶貧、精準脫貧,讓更多困難群眾用上互聯網,讓農產品通過互聯網走出鄉村,讓山溝裡的孩子也能接受優質教育;可以加快推進電子政務,鼓勵各級政府部門打破信息壁壘、提升服務效率,讓百姓少跑腿、信息多跑路,解決辦事難、辦事慢、辦事繁的問題,等等。這些方面有很多事情可做,一些互聯網企業已經做了嘗試,取得了較好的經濟效益和社會效益。

2016年11月29日,全國網絡扶貧工作現場推進會在江西寧都召開。 “要實施網絡扶貧行動,推進精準扶貧、精準脫貧,讓扶貧工作隨時隨地、四通八達,讓貧困地區群眾在互聯網共建共享中有更多獲得感”,習總書記這一重要指示在紅色革命老區再次宣示,網絡扶貧成為決勝全面小康的新槓桿。

(二)理念要求:踐行五大發展理念先行一步

黨的十八屆五中全會提出了創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發展理念,這是在深刻總結國內外發展經驗教訓、深入分析國內外發展大勢的基礎上提出的,集中反映了我們黨對我國經濟社會發展規律的新認識。按照新發展理念推動我國經濟社會發展,是當前和今後一個時期我國發展的總要求和大趨勢。古人說:“隨時以舉事,因資而立功,用萬物之能而獲利其上。”我國網信事業發展要適應這個大趨勢。總體上說,網信事業代表著新的生產力、新的發展方向,應該也能夠在踐行新發展理念上先行一步。

創新是網信事業發展的核心力量。創新是互聯網發展的基因。互聯網的理念創新、技術創新是自身發展的需要,在互聯網大潮中不進則退,沒有創新就沒有生存空間。要始終把創新擺在首要位置,推動體制機制創新、理念創新、技術創新、應用創新,支持鼓勵互聯網企業家、領軍人才和工程技術人員創新創造,為互聯網發展提供不竭動力。習近平在第二屆世界互聯網大會上指出:“中國正在實施‘互聯網+’行動計劃,推進‘數字中國’建設,發展分享經濟,支持基於互聯網的各類創新,提高發展質量和效益。”

協調是網信事業發展的內在要求。無論是國內還是國外,都存在網絡安全和信息化發展不平衡、不協調的問題,解決這些問題,就要樹立協調發展的理念,消除數字鴻溝,縮小城鄉差異、地區差異,保障信息安全,實現均衡發展、全面發展、安全發展。習近平在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上指出:“要從國際國內大勢出發,總體佈局,統籌各方,創新發展,努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。”

綠色發展是網信事業健康發展的重要保障。信息化產業就是綠色產業,信息化、網絡化正支撐著工業、農業、國防等各個領域的應用和升級,推動著綠色發展、低碳發展、循環發展。要弘揚主旋律,傳播正能量,使網絡空間清朗起來。在2016年4月19日的座談會上習近平指出:“網絡空間天朗氣清、生態良好,符合人民利益。網絡空間烏煙瘴氣、生態惡化,不符合人民利益。” 他還強調:“我們要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度,依法加強網絡空間治理,加強網絡內容建設,做強網上正面宣傳,培育積極健康、向上向善的網絡文化,用社會主義核心價值觀和人類優秀文明成果滋養人心、滋養社會,做到正能量充沛、主旋律高昂,為廣大網民特別是青少年營造一個風清氣正的網絡空間。”

開放是網信事業發展的本質特徵。互聯網打開了世界各國開放的大門。習近平指出:“互聯網讓世界變成了’雞犬之聲相聞’的地球村,相隔萬里的人們不再’老死不相往來’。可以說,世界因互聯網而更多彩,生活因互聯網而更豐富。”中國互聯網事業的發展離不開世界,世界的互聯網事業也離不開中國。習近平在第二屆世界互聯網大會上指出:“中國互聯網蓬勃發展,為各國企業和創業者提供了廣闊市場空間。中國開放的大門永遠不會關上,利用外資的政策不會變,對外商投資企業合法權益的保障不會變,為各國企業在華投資興業提供更好服務的方向不會變。”他還強調:“各國應該推進互聯網領域開放合作,豐富開放內涵,提高開放水平,搭建更多溝通合作平台,創造更多利益契合點、合作增長點、共贏新亮點,推動彼此在網絡空間優勢互補、共同發展,讓更多國家和人民搭乘信息時代的快車、共享互聯網發展成果。”我們要積極參與國際互聯網交流與合作,學習借鑒世界各國先進經驗和技術成果,把握和引領國際互聯網發展趨勢,推動網絡空間開放合作、互利共贏。

共享是網信事業發展的根本宗旨。服務百姓、惠及民生是我國互聯網發展的根本出發點和落腳點。習近平強調:“網信事業要發展,必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。要適應人民期待和需求,加快信息化服務普及,降低應用成本,為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務,讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感。”我們要推動網絡走進千家萬戶,引導人民群眾通過互聯網了解世界、掌握信息、交流思想、創新創業、改善生活,讓互聯網發展成果不僅惠及13億中國人民,同時也造福於世界各國人民。

(三)治理要求:安全與發展齊頭並進

2014年,習近平在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上就特別強調,“要維護網絡空間安全以及網絡數據的完整性、安全性、可靠性,提高維護網絡空間安全能力。”同時,他還要求統籌好網絡安全和信息化的關係,“網絡安全和信息化是一體之兩翼、驅動之雙輪,必須統一謀劃、統一部署、統一推進、統一實施。做好網絡安全和信息化工作,要處理好安全和發展的關係,做到協調一致、齊頭並進,以安全保發展、以發展促安全,努力建久安之勢、成長治之業。” 兩年之後的座談會上,他再次指出,“網絡安全和信息化是相輔相成的。安全是發展的前提,發展是安全的保障,安全和發展要同步推進。從世界範圍看,網絡安全威脅和風險日益突出,並日益向政治、經濟、文化、社會、生態、國防等領域傳導滲透。特別是國家關鍵信息基礎設面臨較大風險隱患,網絡安全防控能力薄弱,難以有效應對國家級、有組織的高強度網絡攻擊。這對世界各國都是一個難題,我們當然也不例外。”

此外,他指出“面對複雜嚴峻的網絡安全形勢,我們要保持清醒頭腦,各方面齊抓共管,切實維護網絡安全。”第一,樹立正確的網絡安全觀。理念決定行動。當今的網絡安全,有幾個主要特點。一是網絡安全是整體的而不是割裂的。二是網絡安全是動態的而不是靜態的。三是網絡安全是開放的而不是封閉的。四是網絡安全是相對的而不是絕對的。五是網絡安全是共同的而不是孤立的。第二,加快構建關鍵信息基礎設施安全保障體系。第三,全天候全方位感知網絡安全態勢。第四,增強網絡安全防禦能力和威懾能力。

(四)幹部要求:走好網絡群眾路線,共築同心圓

群眾路線是我們黨的根本路線。習近平指出,“網民來自老百姓,老百姓上了網,民意也就上了網。群眾在哪兒,我們的領導幹部就要到哪兒去,不然怎麼聯繫群眾呢?各級黨政機關和領導幹部要學會通過網絡走群眾路線,經常上網看看,潛潛水、聊聊天、發發聲,了解群眾所思所願,收集好想法好建議,積極回應網民關切、解疑釋惑。善於運用網絡了解民意、開展工作,是新形勢下領導幹部做好工作的基本功。”

如何走好網絡群眾路線?習近平給出了方法,“網民大多數是普通群眾,來自四面八方,各自經歷不同,觀點和想法肯定是五花八門的,不能要求他們對所有問題都看得那麼準、說得那麼對。要多一些包容和耐心,對建設性意見要及時吸納,對困難要及時幫助,對不了解情況的要及時宣介,對模糊認識要及時廓清,對怨氣怨言要及時化解,對錯誤看法要及時引導和糾正,讓互聯網成為我們同群眾交流溝通的新平台,成為了解群眾、貼近群眾、為群眾排憂解難的新途徑,成為發揚人民民主、接受人民監督的新渠道。”

同時習近平指出各級幹部的努力方向,“要正確處理安全和發展、開放和自主、管理和服務的關係,不斷提高對互聯網規律的把握能力、對網絡輿論的引導能力、對信息化發展的駕馭能力、對網絡安全的保障能力,把網絡強國建設不斷推向前進。”

(五)管理要求:統一領導,依法管理

中共中央政治局就實施網絡強國戰略進行第三十六次集體學習。加快提高網絡管理水平。

習近平從體制機制上提出了要求,他強調,中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組要發揮集中統一領導作用,統籌協調各個領域的網絡安全和信息化重大問題,制定實施國家網絡安全和信息化發展戰略、宏觀規劃和重大政策,不斷增強安全保障能力。

從管理思路上作出了指示,在我國,7億多人上互聯網,肯定需要管理,而且這個管理是很複雜、很繁重的。企業要承擔企業的責任,黨和政府要承擔黨和政府的責任,哪一邊都不能放棄自己的責任。要深刻認識互聯網在國家管理和社會治理中的作用,以推行電子政務、建設新型智慧城市等為抓手,以數據集中和共享為途徑,建設全國一體化的國家大數據中心,推進技術融合、業務融合、數據融合,實現跨層級、跨地域、跨系統、跨部門、跨業務的協同管理和服務。要強化互聯網思維,利用互聯網扁平化、交互式、快捷性優勢,推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精準化、公共服務高效化,用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政。

從立法規範上指明了方向,要抓緊制定立法規劃,完善互聯網信息內容管理、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等法律法規,依法治理網絡空間,維護公民合法權益。要嚴密防範網絡犯罪特別是新型網絡犯罪,維護人民群眾利益和社會和諧穩定。要加快網絡立法進程,完善依法監管措施,化解網絡風險。要依法加強對大數據的管理。一些涉及國家利益、國家安全的數據,很多掌握在互聯網企業手裡,企業要保證這些數據安全。企業要重視數據安全。如果企業在數據保護和安全上出了問題,對自己的信譽也會產生不利影響。

並對全社會提出了希望,網絡安全為人民,網絡安全靠人民,維護網絡安全是全社會共同責任,需要政府、企業、社會組織、廣大網民共同參與,共築網絡安全防線。這幾個特點,各有關方面要好好把握。

(六)保障要求:技術突破,建設基礎設施和共享體系

習近平強調,我們要掌握我國互聯網發展主動權,保障互聯網安全、國家安全,就必須突破核心技術這個難題,爭取在某些領域、某些方面實現“彎道超車”。核心技術要取得突破,就要有決心、恆心、重心。他希望,我國網信領域廣大企業家、專家學者、科技人員要樹立這個雄心壯志,要爭這口氣,努力盡快在核心技術上取得新的重大突破。正所謂“日日行,不怕千萬里;常常做,不怕千萬事”。

習近平強調,要緊緊牽住核心技術自主創新這個“牛鼻子”,抓緊突破網絡發展的前沿技術和具有國際競爭力的關鍵核心技術,加快推進國產自主可控替代計劃,構建安全可控的信息技術體系。第一,正確處理開放和自主的關係。第二,在科研投入上集中力量辦大事。第三,積極推動核心技術成果轉化。第四,推動強強聯合、協同攻關。第五,可以探索組建產學研用聯盟、揭榜掛帥。要打好核心技術研發攻堅戰,不僅要把衝鋒號吹起來,而且要把集合號吹起來,也就是要把最強的力量積聚起來共同幹,組成攻關的突擊隊、特種兵。

習近平強調,要加快構建關鍵信息基礎設施安全保障體系。金融、能源、電力、通信、交通等領域的關鍵信息基礎設施是經濟社會運行的神經中樞,是網絡安全的重中之重,也是可能遭到重點攻擊的目標。 “物理隔離”防線可被跨網入侵,電力調配指令可被惡意篡改,金融交易信息可被竊取,這些都是重大風險隱患。不出問題則已,一出就可能導致交通中斷、金融紊亂、電力癱瘓等問題,具有很大的破壞性和殺傷力。我們必須深入研究,採取有效措施,切實做好國家關鍵信息基礎設施安全防護。

同時,他指出,要以信息化推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化,統籌發展電子政務,構建一體化在線服務平台,分級分類推進新型智慧城市建設,打通信息壁壘,構建全國信息資源共享體系,更好用信息化手段感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助科學決策。

(七)宣傳要求:重中之重,凝聚共識

習近平指出,我們要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度,依法加強網絡空間治理,加強網絡內容建設,做強網上正面宣傳,培育積極健康、向上向善的網絡文化,用社會主義核心價值觀和人類優秀文明成果滋養人心、滋養社會,做到正能量充沛、主旋律高昂,為廣大網民特別是青少年營造一個風清氣正的網絡空間。

做好網上輿論工作是一項長期任務,要創新改進網上宣傳,運用網絡傳播規律,弘揚主旋律,激發正能量,大力培育和踐行社會主義核心價值觀,把握好網上輿論引導的時、度、效,使網絡空間清朗起來。

形成良好網上輿論氛圍,不是說只能有一個聲音、一個調子,而是說不能搬弄是非、顛倒黑白、造謠生事、違法犯罪,不能超越了憲法法律界限。要把權力關進制度的籠子裡,一個重要手段就是發揮輿論監督包括互聯網監督作用。這一條,各級黨政機關和領導幹部特別要注意,首先要做好。對網上那些出於善意的批評,對互聯網監督,不論是對黨和政府工作提的還是對領導幹部個人提的,不論是和風細雨的還是忠言逆耳的,我們不僅要歡迎,而且要認真研究和吸取。

習近平指出,互聯網新技術新應用不斷發展,使互聯網的社會動員功能日益增強。要傳播正能量,提升傳播力和引導力。要嚴密防範網絡犯罪特別是新型網絡犯罪,維護人民群眾利益和社會和諧穩定。要發揮網絡傳播互動、體驗、分享的優勢,聽民意、惠民生、解民憂,凝聚社會共識。網上網下要同心聚力、齊抓共管,形成共同防範社會風險、共同構築同心圓的良好局面。要維護網絡空間安全以及網絡數據的完整性、安全性、可靠性,提高維護網絡空間安全能力。

習近平指出,互聯網新技術新應用不斷發展,使互聯網的社會動員功能日益增強。要傳播正能量,提升傳播力和引導力。要發揮網絡傳播互動、體驗、分享的優勢,聽民意、惠民生、解民憂,凝聚社會共識。網上網下要同心聚力、齊抓共管,形成共同防範社會風險、共同構築同心圓的良好局面。

(八)人才要求:不拘一格降人才

“得人者興,失人者崩。”習近平強調,建設網絡強國,要把人才資源匯聚起來,建設一支政治強、業務精、作風好的強大隊伍。 “千軍易得,一將難求”,要培養造就世界水平的科學家、網絡科技領軍人才、卓越工程師、高水平創新團隊。

思路上,他指出,網絡空間的競爭,歸根結底是人才競爭。建設網絡強國,沒有一支優秀的人才隊伍,沒有人才創造力迸發、活力湧流,是難以成功的。念好了人才經,才能事半功倍。我們的腦子要轉過彎來,既要重視資本,更要重視人才,引進人才力度要進一步加大,人才體制機制改革步子要進一步邁開。網信領域可以先行先試,抓緊調研,制定吸引人才、培養人才、留住人才的辦法。

範圍上,他指出,我國網信事業發展,必須充分調動企業家、專家學者、科技人員積極性、主動性、創造性。企業家、專家學者、科技人員要有國家擔當、社會責任,為促進國家網信事業發展多貢獻自己的智慧和力量。各級黨委和政府要從心底里尊重知識、尊重人才,為人才發揮聰明才智創造良好條件,營造寬鬆環境,提供廣闊平台。

方法上,他指出,互聯網主要是年輕人的事業,要不拘一格降人才。要解放思想,慧眼識才,愛才惜才。培養網信人才,要下大功夫、下大本錢,請優秀的老師,編優秀的教材,招優秀的學生,建一流的網絡空間安全學院。互聯網領域的人才,不少是怪才、奇才,他們往往不走一般套路,有很多奇思妙想。對待特殊人才要有特殊政策,不要求全責備,不要論資排輩,不要都用一把尺子衡量。

政策上,他指出,要採取特殊政策,建立適應網信特點的人事制度、薪酬制度,把優秀人才凝聚到技術部門、研究部門、管理部門中來。要建立適應網信特點的人才評價機制,以實際能力為衡量標準,不唯學歷,不唯論文,不唯資歷,突出專業性、創新性、實用性。要建立靈活的人才激勵機制,讓作出貢獻的人才有成就感、獲得感。要探索網信領域科研成果、知識產權歸屬、利益分配機制,在人才入股、技術入股以及稅收方面製定專門政策。在人才流動上要打破體制界限,讓人才能夠在政府、企業、智庫間實現有序順暢流動。國外那種“旋轉門”制度的優點,我們也可以藉鑑。

站位上,他指出,在人才選拔上要有全球視野,下大氣力引進高端人才。隨著我國綜合國力不斷增強,有很多國家的人才也希望來我國發展。我們要順勢而為,改革人才引進各項配套制度,構建具有全球競爭力的人才制度體系。不管是哪個國家、哪個地區的,只要是優秀人才,都可以為我所用。這項工作,有些企業、科研院所已經做了,我到一些企業、科研院所去,也同這些從國外引進的人才進行過交談。這方面要加大力度,不斷提高我們在全球配置人才資源能力。

(九)行業要求:注重自律和健康發展

企業的發展與其承擔的社會責任是成正比的。習近平指出,我國互聯網企業由小到大、由弱變強,在穩增長、促就業、惠民生等方面發揮了重要作用。讓企業持續健康發展,既是企業家奮鬥的目標,也是國家發展的需要。企業命運與國家發展息息相關。脫離了國家支持、脫離了群眾支持,脫離了為國家服務、為人民服務,企業難以做強做大。

如何做強做大?習近平指明了方向:對內,要出台支持企業發展的政策,讓他們成為技術創新主體,成為信息產業發展主體。對外,要鼓勵和支持我國網信企業走出去,深化互聯網國際交流合作,積極參與“一帶一路”建設,做到“國家利益在哪裡,信息化就覆蓋到哪裡”。外國互聯網企業,只要遵守我國法律法規,我們都歡迎。

如何避免過去經常出現的“一放就亂、一管就死”現象,走出一條齊抓共管、良性互動的新路?習近平給出了思路:第一,堅持鼓勵支持和規範發展並行。應該鼓勵和支持企業成為研發主體、創新主體、產業主體,鼓勵和支持企業佈局前沿技術,推動核心技術自主創新,創造和把握更多機會,參與國際競爭,拓展海外發展空間。要規範市場秩序,鼓勵進行良性競爭。黨的十八屆四中全會提出健全以公平為核心原則的產權保護製度,加強對各種所有製經濟組織和自然人財產權的保護,清理有違公平的法律法規條款。這些要求要盡快落實到位。第二,堅持政策引導和依法管理並舉。政府要為企業發展營造良好環境,加快推進審批制度、融資制度、專利制度等改革,減少重複檢測認證,施行優質優價政府採購制度,減輕企業負擔,破除體制機制障礙。同時,要加快網絡立法進程,完善依法監管措施,化解網絡風險。要依法加強對大數據的管理。第三,堅持經濟效益和社會效益並重。只有富有愛心的財富才是真正有意義的財富,只有積極承擔社會責任的企業才是最有競爭力和生命力的企業。希望廣大互聯網企業堅持經濟效益和社會效益統一,在自身發展的同時,飲水思源,回報社會,造福人民。我們要鼓勵和支持我國網信企業走出去,深化互聯網國際交流合作,積極參與“一帶一路”建設,做到“國家利益在哪裡,信息化就覆蓋到哪裡”。外國互聯網企業,只要遵守我國法律法規,我們都歡迎。

(十)國際要求:共建命運共同體

隨著世界多極化、經濟全球化、文化多樣化、社會信息化深入發展,互聯網對人類文明進步將發揮更大促進作用。同時,互聯網領域發展不平衡、規則不健全、秩序不合理等問題日益凸顯。不同國家和地區信息鴻溝不斷拉大,現有網絡空間治理規則難以反映大多數國家意願和利益;世界範圍內侵害個人隱私、侵犯知識產權、網絡犯罪等時有發生,網絡監聽、網絡攻擊、網絡恐怖主義活動等成為全球公害。

面對這些問題和挑戰,國際社會應該在相互尊重、相互信任的基礎上,加強對話合作,推動互聯網全球治理體系變革,共同構建和平、安全、開放、合作的網絡空間,建立多邊、民主、透明的全球互聯網治理體系。提出“中國願同國際社會一道,堅持以人類共同福祉為根本,堅持網絡主權理念,推動全球互聯網治理朝著更加公正合理的方向邁進,推動網絡空間實現平等尊重、創新發展、開放共享、安全有序的目標。”

“凡益之道,與時偕行。”網絡空間是人類共同的活動空間,網絡空間前途命運應由世界各國共同掌握。推進全球互聯網治理體系變革,應該堅持四項原則。尊重網絡主權。維護和平安全。促進開放合作。構建良好秩序。各國應該加強溝通、擴大共識、深化合作,共同構建網絡空間命運共同體。對此,我願提出5點主張。第一,加快全球網絡基礎設施建設,促進互聯互通。第二,打造網上文化交流共享平台,促進交流互鑑。第三,推動網絡經濟創新發展,促進共同繁榮。第四,保障網絡安全,促進有序發展。第五,構建互聯網治理體系,促進公平正義。贏得了世界絕大多數國家贊同。

習近平指出,互聯網是人類的共同家園,攜手構建網絡空間命運共同體。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全,是國際社會的共同責任。讓我們攜起手來,共同推動網絡空間互聯互通、共享共治,為開創人類發展更加美好的未來助力!

Original Referring URL:  http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/

Chinese Military: Cyber security is a matter of war. In the information war, cyberspace has become a new dimension of battlefield space // 中國軍隊:網絡安全是戰爭問題。 在信息戰中,網絡空間已成為戰場空間的新維度

Chinese Military: Cyber security is a matter of war. In the information war, cyberspace has become a new dimension of battlefield space //

中國軍隊:網絡安全是戰爭問題。 在信息戰中,網絡空間已成為戰場空間的新維度

 

Author:   來源: 解放軍報 作者: 周鴻禕 張春雨

DTG: 2018年05月22日 16:XX:XX

 ● Promote network security. The integration of military and civilian needs to integrate and optimize the allocation at the national level, and promote the two-way flow of technology, talents and resources.

  ● Whether it is network security analysis, situation research, emergency response, or network protection hardware and software development, a large number of information technology talents are needed.

  

        President Xi profoundly pointed out that there is no national security without cyber security. In the digital age, cyberspace has penetrated into various fields such as politics, economy, military, culture, etc. It has the natural attributes of military and civilian integration, and is an important aspect of the integration and development of military and civilians in the new era. At present, China is marching toward a network power and building a network great wall combining military and civilian integration. It is not only the basic system design for building a network power and information army, but also an important driving force for promoting the deep development of military and civilian integration. Under the new situation, we will actively promote the in-depth development of cyber security, military and civilian integration, and urgently need to break down institutional barriers, structural contradictions, and policy issues, and constantly improve the level of integration and enhance joint protection capabilities.

Cybersecurity is related to the overall security of the country, and it is necessary for the military to walk away from the road of comprehensive integration.

  In the information age, cyberspace security has become a new commanding height of the national strategy. Last year, the “Eternal Blue” ransomware that broke out in the world, the Ukrainian power grid attacked, and the US election “mail door” and other events showed that cyber security concerns national security, social stability and war victory or defeat. The cyber security contest has risen to the national level of confrontation, beyond the scope of the military’s respective management and control, and it is necessary to rely on the integration of the military and the local forces to manage and manage well.

  Cybersecurity is a national interest. As the network’s tentacles extend to economic, social, cultural and other fields, its security will affect economic security, social security, cultural security, and information security. In May 2017, the “Eternal Blue” ransom virus swept through more than 150 countries and regions, including government, banks, communications companies, energy companies and other important departments, and the infrastructure was paralyzed, causing an uproar in the world. Earlier, Saudi Arabia’s infrastructure was attacked by cyber attacks. In just a few minutes, the computer hard drive was destroyed, all data was emptied, and the attacker tried to cause an explosion. If it succeeded, it would undoubtedly have serious consequences.

  Cybersecurity is a matter of war. In the information war, cyberspace has become a new dimension of battlefield space. At present, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan have established cyber warfare forces and vigorously developed various cyber weapons. In the Iraq war, the US military first destroyed the five key command and radar facilities of the Iraqi army, and used electronic interference to firmly grasp the information superiority, making the Iraqi army blind and paralyzed, and the defense system quickly paralyzed. With the accelerated evolution of war forms, the competition for information superiority has increasingly become the core content of war wins and losses. As the “main battlefield” of information control, cyberspace has increasingly become the commanding height of war games.

  Cybersecurity is a common practice in the world. At present, many countries in the world regard military and civilian integration as an important way to improve the security of cyberspace. For example, the United States has made cybersecurity the focus of national security. The White House and the Pentagon have designated Boeing and Lockheed Martin as the national network security team, and designated information technology giants such as Microsoft, Intel, Cisco, Apple, and Google for network security. Professional team, designated Symantec, McAfee and other network security protection companies for the network security special team. In Israel, after the retiring of many Israeli cyber security forces, they became the elite of local high-tech enterprises and founded several network security companies. These companies have come back to cooperate with the Israeli army in the field of network security to enhance the security of the military network and promote the development of the entire network space security.

Network security resources are diversified and diverse, requiring military to strengthen top-level design coordination

  Promoting the integration of military and civilian development is a systematic project. It is necessary to use system science, system thinking, and systematic methods to solve problems. At present, China’s various information network systems are developing at a high speed, and network functions of different functions and types are being put into use one after another. The overall framework of the network security protection system is basically established. However, network security resources are widely distributed in the military and local areas. Promoting network security and military-civilian integration, improving synergy protection needs to strengthen top-level design coordination, break down institutional barriers and departmental interests, unify integration and optimize allocation at the national level, and promote technology, talents, resources, etc. Two-way flow conversion of features.

  Establish and improve the leadership system of the network security organization. It is necessary to speed up the establishment of a leading agency for cybersecurity work organizations with Chinese characteristics in order to ensure a clear hierarchy and division of labor. The national cybersecurity leadership agency’s work focuses on strengthening the top-level design and macro-management of cybersecurity military-civilian integration, formulating development strategies and planning plans, fulfilling the overall coordination function in military-civilian integration, and being responsible for domestic cybersecurity defense and emergency response, and combating cybercrime. And cyber terrorism; military cyber security authorities focus on the overall planning and construction of military cybersecurity, integrating the areas of military and civilian integration into the overall development of national cybersecurity, and doing a good job of connecting with national cybersecurity development plans, We will clarify the relevant processes and management methods for military-land coordination, improve the work system for regular military conferences, important situation notifications, and major operational coordination, and form joint prevention, joint management, and joint control of cyberspace security.

  Coordinate the planning standards for military network security construction. With the goal of effectively responding to the current and future cyber offensive and defensive measures, the overall framework of military and civilian cybersecurity construction will be scientifically formulated, the construction model will be classified, the short-term and long-term construction goals will be defined, and the supporting measures for completing the tasks will be determined. The first is to adhere to the standard. Actively promote the unification of technical standards for network security basic products such as autonomously controllable secure operating systems and secure database systems, and achieve full integration of systems at key moments to create a solid and reliable network security defense line. The second is to insist on a unified assessment. Strengthen the assessment of network security construction and technical risk assessment of network security products, clarify the evaluation procedures and links, and adopt scientific and effective evaluation methods to ensure that the network is secure and controllable after it is built.

  Establish a network security military resource sharing mechanism. To realize the sharing of military network security resources, the key is to establish a mechanism for military land demand. The information on military and civilian technical achievements should be released in a timely manner. The real-time table of “the battlefield needs to be lacking” and “market ownership” should be fully shared with the military and land needs, technologies, standards, products and other information resources; accelerate the construction of military information integration and sharing platform, Expand Unicom channels, standardize interoperability standards, and achieve full complementarity and sharing of military and territorial information resources; establish a network security access system, clearly define the scope of confidentiality levels, and the military business authorities and the “Ministry of the Army” enterprises regularly meet, information, and demand docking Collaborate with research and development to prevent civil network security forces from developing technology and losing targets, reducing targets, protecting tactics from losing rivals, and lacking direction; establishing a network threat information exchange mechanism, timely interoperating with domestic and international network security updates and major event notifications, encouraging private Enterprises and governments, the military share real-time network security threat information, improve the professional and real-time response capabilities of research and analysis.

The essence of cybersecurity is the contest of talents.

  The essence of cybersecurity is cyber confrontation, which is essentially the competition of talents. Whether it is network security analysis, planning, situation research, response and disposal, or network protection hardware and software development, a large number of information technology talents are needed. In order to meet the huge demand of military network security talents, it is necessary to firmly establish a joint thinking.

  Jointly train talents. In recent years, important progress has been made in the training of national cyber security personnel. Cyberspace security has been added to the first-level discipline by the Academic Degrees Committee and the Ministry of Education, and nearly 10,000 graduates in the field of cyberspace security each year. However, compared with the demand for building a network strong country and strengthening the army, there is still a big gap, such as a large gap in the talent team, a need to improve the training system, and insufficient reserve of practical talents. We should actively explore the military, local colleges, research institutes and network security enterprises to carry out joint training channels for talents, build a team of teachers, jointly set up experimental sites, and set up a practice base to realize the organic combination of classroom teaching and practical practice, through network security training. Camp, safety operation and maintenance personnel training, etc., to enhance the professional capabilities of network security practitioners, improve the rapid, large-scale, actual combat security operation and maintenance, analysis and response, attack and defense penetration and other network security personnel joint training mechanism.

  Joint use of strength. We should coordinate the use of various forces in the military, strengthen operational coordination, and establish a relatively comprehensive network security joint prevention and control mechanism. On the one hand, give full play to the role of local network security talents, open up the military network security top-level design, core technology research and development, and network security overall construction to meet the needs of military network security for talents; on the other hand, give full play to the military network security needs The role of the booster is to use the military’s advanced network technology to test the security of national critical infrastructure networks such as nuclear power, communications, transportation, and finance, and to verify the effectiveness of the emergency response system.

  Joint research and development technology. Military and civilian collaborative innovation is an important way to achieve breakthroughs in network protection technology innovation. We should focus on the use of military demand for cutting-edge innovation, and focus on breaking key network technologies, promoting the sharing of military and civilians on the basic platform, and vigorously promoting the mutual transformation of military and civilian technologies; encouraging universities, research institutes, military enterprises, and superior private enterprises to strengthen alliances. Focus on military, human, material and financial resources, and focus on key chips, core devices, operating systems, etc.; explore military and civilian integration network security equipment technology innovation model, develop a new generation of firewalls, intrusion detection, information encryption, information hiding, anti-eavesdropping And other protection technologies to jointly foster an ecological chain of autonomous network security industry.

  In addition, due to the comprehensive complexity of network security, military and regional forces are needed to strengthen regulatory and policy guarantees. Formulate a legal system for network security and military-civilian integration, relevant policies to support the integration of cyber security and civil-military, and relevant documents in the field of cybersecurity military-civilian integration key protection, ensure that the measures for network security and military-civilian integration take root, and form a joint support system for military and land.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

要點提示

●推動網絡安全軍民融合,需要在國家層面統一整合、優化配置,促進技術、人才、資源等要素雙向流動轉化。

●無論是網絡安全分析、態勢研判、應急處置,還是網絡防護硬件、軟件的研發,都需要大量的信息科技人才。

習主席深刻指出,沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全。數字化時代,網絡空間已滲透到政治、經濟、軍事、文化等各個領域,具備軍民一體的天然屬性,是新時代軍民融合發展的重要方面。當前,我國正向網絡強國邁進,打造軍民融合的網絡長城,既是建設網絡強國和信息化軍隊的基本製度設計,也是推動軍民融合深度發展的重要驅動力量。新形勢下,積極推動網絡安全軍民融合深度發展,亟須破解體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,不斷提高融合水平、提升聯合防護能力。

網絡安全事關國家整體安全,需軍地走開全面融合之路

信息化時代,網絡空間安全已經成為國家戰略新的製高點。去年全球爆發的“永恆之藍”勒索病毒、烏克蘭電網遭攻擊、美國大選“郵件門”等事件表明,網絡安全事關國家安全、社會穩定和戰爭勝敗。網絡安全的較量已上升為國家層面的對抗,超出軍地各自管理控制的範疇,需要依靠軍地一體合力集中統管才有可能管得住、管得好。

網絡安全事關國家利益。由於網絡觸角延伸到經濟、社會、文化等各個領域,其安全必將影響到經濟安全、社會安全、文化安全、信息安全等。 2017年5月,“永恆之藍”勒索病毒席捲150多個國家和地區,包括政府、銀行、通信公司、能源企業等重要部門機構基礎設施陷入癱瘓,在全球引起軒然大波。早前,沙特的基礎設施遭網絡攻擊,僅僅數分鐘內,計算機硬盤就被破壞,所有數據被清空,攻擊者還試圖引發爆炸,如果得逞無疑會造成十分嚴重的後果。

網絡安全事關戰爭勝負。信息化戰爭中,網絡空間已成為新維戰場空間。當前,美國、英國、日本等都已建立網絡作戰部隊,並大力研發各種網絡武器。伊拉克戰爭中,美軍首先摧毀了伊軍非常關鍵的5個指揮與雷達設施,並使用電子乾擾等方式牢牢掌握信息優勢,使伊軍又盲又聾,防禦體系迅速癱瘓。隨著戰爭形態的加速演變,信息優勢爭奪日益成為戰爭勝負的核心內容,網絡空間作為信息控制的“主戰場”,日益成為戰爭博弈的製高點。

網絡安全軍民一體是世界普遍做法。當前,世界很多國家都將軍民一體看作是提升網絡空間安全的重要途徑。例如,美國就將網絡安全作為國家安全的重點,白宮和五角大樓指定波音、洛克希德·馬丁等公司為網絡安全國家隊,指定微軟、英特爾、思科、蘋果、谷歌等信息技術巨頭為網絡安全的專業隊,指定賽門鐵克、邁克菲等網絡安全防護企業為網絡安全的特種隊。在以色列,許多以軍網絡安全部隊的軍人退役後,成為地方高科技企業的精英,並創辦多家網絡安全公司。這些公司回過頭來與以軍在網絡安全領域展開全方位合作,提升以軍網絡防護能力的同時,推動整個網絡空間安全的發展。

網絡安全資源分散多元,需軍地強化頂層設計統籌

推動軍民融合發展是一個系統工程,要善於運用系統科學、系統思維、系統方法研究解決問題。目前,我國各類信息網絡系統高速發展,不同功能、類型的網絡安全設施陸續配套投入使用,網絡安全防護系統的總體框架基本建立。但網絡安全資源廣泛分佈於軍隊和地方,推動網絡安全軍民融合,提高協同防護能力需要強化頂層設計統籌,打破體制壁壘和部門利益,在國家層面統一整合、優化配置,促進技術、人才、資源等要素雙向流動轉化。

構建完善網絡安全組織領導體制。應加快建立軍地一體具有中國特色的網絡安全工作組織領導機構,確保層級清晰、分工協作。國家網絡安全領導機構的工作重點是加強網絡安全軍民融合的頂層設計和宏觀管控,制定發展戰略和規劃計劃,履行軍民融合中的統籌協調職能,負責國內網絡安全的防禦與應急反應,打擊網絡犯罪和網絡恐怖主義等;軍隊網絡安全主管機構側重於擬制軍隊網絡安全的整體規劃和建設,將可以實施軍民融合的領域納入國家網絡安全發展全局,做好與國家網絡安全發展規劃的相互銜接,明確軍地協調的相關流程和管理辦法,健全軍地定期會商、重要情況通報、重大行動協同等工作制度,形成網絡空間安全的聯防、聯管、聯控。

統籌軍地網絡安全建設規劃標準。以有效應對當前和未來一段時期網絡攻防手段為目標,科學制定軍民網絡安全建設總體框架,分類確立建設模式,明確近期和長遠建設目標,確定完成任務的配套措施。一是堅持統一標準。積極推動自主可控的安全操作系統、安全數據庫系統等網絡安全基礎產品的技術標準統一,關鍵時刻能實現各系統的全面融合,打造堅固可靠的網絡安全防線。二是堅持統一評估。加強網絡安全建設評估和網絡安全產品的技術風險評估,明確評估程序和環節,採取科學有效的評估方法,確保網絡建成后防得牢、控得住。

建立網絡安全軍地資源共享機制。實現軍地網絡安全資源共享,關鍵是建立軍地需求共提機制。應及時發布軍民兩用技術成果信息,實時對錶“戰場需缺”與“市場所有”,實現軍地雙方需求、技術、標準、產品等信息資源充分共享;加快構建軍地信息融合共享平台,拓展聯通渠道,規範互通標準,實現軍地信息資源充分互補共用;建立網絡安全准入制度,明確劃定保密等級範圍,軍隊業務主管部門與“民參軍”企業定期會商、信息通報、需求對接和協作攻研,防止民用網絡安全力量技術研發丟了目標、少了靶子,防護戰術失去對手、缺乏指向;建立網絡威脅信息互通機制,及時互通國內外網絡安全最新動態和重大事件通報,鼓勵民營企業與政府、軍隊實時共享網絡安全威脅信息,提高研究分析的專業性和實時響應能力。

網絡安全實質是人才的較量,需軍地樹牢聯合思想

網絡安全的本質是網絡對抗,實質是人才的競爭較量。無論是網絡安全分析、規劃、態勢研判、響應和處置,還是網絡防護硬件、軟件的研發,都需要大量的信息科技人才。為滿足軍地網絡安全人才巨大需求,需要牢固樹立聯合思想。

聯合培養人才。近年來,國家網絡安全人才培養取得重要進展,網絡空間安全被國務院學位委員會和教育部增設為一級學科,每年網絡空間安全領域畢業生近萬名。但與打造網絡強國和強軍興軍需求相比還存在較大差距,存在人才隊伍缺口較大、培養體係有待完善、實踐型人才儲備不足等問題。應積極探索軍隊、地方高校、科研院所和網絡安全企業開展人才聯合培養渠道,共建師資隊伍、共搭實驗場所、共設實習基地,實現課堂教學、實習實踐的有機結合,通過網絡安全訓練營、安全運維人才培養等,提升網絡安全從業人員的專業能力,完善快速化、規模化、實戰化的安全運維、分析響應、攻防滲透等網絡安全人才聯合培養機制。

聯合運用力量。應統籌軍地各種力量的運用,加強行動協同,建立較為完善的網絡安全聯防聯控機制。一方面,充分發揮地方網絡安全人才的作用,開放軍隊網絡安全頂層設計、核心技術研發、網絡安全整體建設等領域,以滿足軍隊網絡安全對人才的需求;另一方面,充分發揮軍隊網絡安全需求的助推器作用,利用軍方先進的網絡技術,測試核能、通信、交通、金融等國家關鍵基礎設施網絡的安全性,檢驗應急響應體系的有效性。

聯合研發技術。軍民協同創新是實現網絡防護技術創新突破的重要途徑。應圍繞發揮軍事需求對前沿創新的牽引帶動作用,聚力突破關鍵網絡技術,促進基礎平台軍民共享,大力推動軍民技術相互轉化;鼓勵高校、科研院所、軍工企業和優勢民營企業強強聯合,集中軍地人力、物力和財力,對關鍵芯片、核心器件、操作系統等領域集智攻關;探索軍民融合網絡安全裝備技術創新模式,研發新一代防火牆、入侵檢測、信息加密、信息隱藏、反竊聽等防護技術,共同培育自主化網絡安全產業生態鏈。

此外,由於網絡安全具有綜合性複雜性,還需軍地合力來強化法規政策保障。制定網絡安全軍民融合的法規體系、支撐網絡安全軍民融合的相關政策,以及網絡安全軍民融合重點保障領域的相關文件,確保網絡安全軍民融合的措施落地生根,形成軍地聯合支撐體系。

Chinese Military Review: From Army Information Construction to Construction of Information Army // 中國軍事評論:從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊

Chinese Military Review: From Army Information Construction to Construction of Information Army //

中國軍事評論:從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊

2006年04月20日 22:00

From the Army Information Construction to the Construction of Informatized Army——Opening the Eyes to See the New Military Revolution in the World

  Li Bingyan

  A few years ago, there was a curtain factory abroad that was on the verge of bankruptcy and turned to the consulting company. The consulting company only asked them to change the curtain factory to a shading technology factory, and the factory would survive.

  A name change has broadened the horizon of development; a concept change has opened up the mind shackles. Updating the concept is inseparable from the concept of renewal. In the new military revolution, we need to adopt new concepts in a timely manner to show new development ideas.

  Although the ongoing new military revolution still does not see the other side, it is clear that the change has entered a new stage.

  This new military revolution was triggered by a new technological revolution centered on information technology. In the 1990s, the revolutionary impact of information technology on the military mainly remained at the stage of “construction”, that is, information technology embedding, networking, networking, and integration within the framework of the mechanized military organization. Technology strengthens mechanization and enhances mechanization. The theoretical community often refers to this stage of change as a revolution in the military field, which is to promote the army.

Information construction. At that time, the digital division and the digital army to be built by the US Army were carried out within the structure of the original mechanized army. Later, the US military learned from the experience of informatization of some large enterprises and multinational corporations in the society and changed the way of thinking.

  In the past, military changes were first to change military technology, weapons and equipment, and finally to complete the transformation of the military organizational system to adapt to the new methods of warfare. The new military revolution, characterized by informatization, especially the post-launch army, should be reversed. The experience of the business community is also “first rationalization of organizational structure, re-automation, informationization.”

  Before the 1990s, the US business community carried out informatization construction, focusing only on improving work efficiency. Although effective, it still cannot be changed. Ford Motor Company has spent a lot of money on automation, and its office efficiency has improved significantly. For example, the financial department of the North American branch has reduced the number of employees from 500 to 400 after office automation. The company leaders think it is good. Later, they learned about Japan.

Mazda Motor Company did the same job and used only five people. In contrast, Ford’s leadership was shocked. After in-depth investigation, they found that Mazda started to adjust the organizational structure, first change the workflow, and then engage in office automation. Ford’s financial system, organizational structure or traditional model has caused a lot of useless work. Later, Ford Company optimized its structure, re-engineered its business processes, and started office automation on this basis. The company’s financial staff was compressed to a quarter.

  In the development of human society, there is a phenomenon of “path dependence”. After a social system is formed, it will continue to strengthen itself in the actual operation, so that people will not be able to get rid of the influence of the original ideas afterwards.

  In addition, the organizational structure does not change, it is difficult to make the right decision in information. Usually, people are standing in their own units and planning work in this department, forming a “professional syndrome.” The research informatization is first of all the informationization of the unit, beyond the scope of construction of the unit, the leadership vision will not be achieved. This has led to the emergence of new “isomorphic diseases” – large and complete, small and complete, you have me, can not be interconnected, interoperable, interoperable. In this regard, some people call it the “potato effect”: a sack of potatoes, all sprouting, each self-contained system, self-enclosed, and not connected. Building these systems may be reasonable from a local perspective, but it may not be scientific or irrational from the overall perspective of informatization.

  In the practice, the foreign military realized that if informationization is not detoured, it should start with rationalizing the system and adjusting the command system. Otherwise, all levels and departments are busy with informationization. It is likely that the faster and the more the action is now, the greater the losses will be caused once reworked in the future.

  The rationalization of the organizational structure, the consideration of informationization, or the rationalization of organizational structure and informationization, and the simultaneous development have become a new consensus on the new military revolution. After entering the 21st century, the US military proposed a military transformation, marking a new stage in military transformation. At this stage, information technology has shifted from a “construction” role to a “deconstruction” role. That is: instead of strengthening mechanization, it is reorganizing mechanization. As a result, the army’s informatization construction has turned to the construction of an information-based army; the changes in the military field have turned to real military changes.

  In the theoretical preparation stage of the US military, the future army that was designed was: the sensor army, the precision strike army, the dominant mobile army, and the logistics army. In the transition, after a new argument, the future goals of the US military reorganization are proposed: the full-dimensional battlefield perception army, the precision firepower strike army, the efficient command and control army, and the intelligent logistics support army.

  In 2005, Germany proposed the idea of ​​building a “new three armed forces”, namely: rapid reaction forces, standing combat troops, and logistics support forces.

  At the end of last year, the Russian General Staff Department completed the reform of the armed forces. The Russian military’s new round of structural reforms eliminated the arms, military regions and fleets and re-established three functional headquarters and three regional headquarters. The three functional commands are: Strategic Nuclear Power Command, Transportation Command, and Aerospace Defense Command. The three regional commands are: Western European Command, Central Asian Command and Far East Command.

  Generally speaking, although the structural changes of the military have their own characteristics, the common point is that they tend to be integrated and tend to be integrated, and the boundaries between the traditional arms and services are increasingly blurred. The informationized army is not just a technology, but a new structure that is linked to new technologies – ultimately, a structural decision function.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

從軍隊信息建設到建設信息化軍隊——放開眼界看世界新軍事變革

李炳彥

幾年前,國外有一家窗簾廠,瀕臨倒閉之際,求助於諮詢公司。諮詢公司只讓他們把窗簾廠改為遮光技術廠,這個廠子便活了起來。

一個名字改變,拓寬了發展視野;一個概念更換,撬開了心智枷鎖。更新觀念,離不開更新概念。在新軍事變革中,我們需要適時採用新的概念,來展現新的發展思路。

持續發生的新軍事變革雖然至今仍看不到彼岸,但清晰可見變革已經進入到一個新階段。

這場新軍事變革,是由以信息技術為核心的新技術革命引發的。上個世紀90年代,信息技術對軍隊的革命性影響,主要還停留於“建構”階段,即在機械化軍隊的組織結構框架內進行信息技術嵌入、建網、聯網、集成,實際上是用信息技術加強機械化、提昇機械化。理論界常把這一階段的變革,稱之為軍事領域裡的變革,是推動軍隊

信息化建設。當時,美陸軍要建設的數字化師、數字化軍,都是在原來機械化軍隊的結構內進行的。後來,美軍汲取社會上一些大企業、跨國公司進行信息化的經驗,改變了變革的思路。
以往的軍事變革,都是先變革軍事技術、武器裝備,最後完成軍事組織體制的變革,以適應新的作戰方式。而信息化為標誌的新軍事變革,特別是後發之軍,應當反過來進行。企業界的經驗也是“先組織結構合理化,再自動化、信息化”。

上個世紀90年代以前,美國企業界進行信息化建設,只著眼於提高工作效率,雖有成效,但還談不上變革。美福特汽車公司,曾花大筆金錢搞自動化,辦公效率明顯提高,如北美分公司的財務部,實現辦公自動化後,人員由原來的500人減少到400人,公司領導自認為不錯。後來,他們得知日本

馬自達汽車公司做同樣的工作,一共只用了5個人。兩者相對照,福特公司的領導大吃一驚。他們深入調查後發現,馬自達公司從調整組織結構入手,先改變工作流程,再搞辦公自動化。福特公司的財務制度、組織結構還是傳統模式,造成許多無用功。後來,福特公司經過優化結構,再造業務流程,在此基礎上搞辦公自動化,公司財務員工壓縮到了原來的四分之一。
人類社會在發展中,存在一種“路徑依賴”現象,即一個社會系統形成後,必將在實際運作中不斷自我強化,以致後來人們改進它的種種嘗試,都難以擺脫原有思路的影響。

另外,組織結構不改變,很難做出信息化的正確決策。通常,人們都是站在本單位、本部門謀劃工作,形成了一種“職業官能症”。研究信息化首先是本單位的信息化,超出本單位的建設範圍,領導視野就達不到了。致使出現新的“同構病”——大而全、小而全,你有我也有,不能互聯、互通、互操作。對此,有人稱之為“馬鈴薯效應”:一麻袋馬鈴薯,個個都發芽,個個自成小系統,自我封閉,互不相聯。建這些系統,從局部來看可能合理,但從信息化的全局看可能並不科學、不合理。

外軍在實踐中認識到:要想信息化不走彎路,還應從理順編制體制、調整指揮體系入手。否則,各級、各部門都忙著信息化,很可能現在動作愈快、投入愈多,將來一旦返工,造成的損失就愈大。

先組織結構合理化,在信息化,或者組織結構合理化與信息化一併考慮,同時進行,成了新軍事變革的一種新共識。進入21世紀後,美軍提出軍隊轉型,標誌著軍事變革進入了一個新階段。在這個階段,信息技術從“建構”作用,轉向“解構”作用。即:不是加強機械化,而是重組機械化。由此,軍隊信息化建設,轉向了建設信息化軍隊;軍事領域裡的變革,轉向真正的軍事變革。

美軍在理論準備階段,曾設計出的未來軍隊是:傳感器軍,精確打擊軍,主導機動軍,聚焦後勤軍。在轉型中,經過新的論證,提出美軍重組的未來目標:全維戰場感知軍,精確火力打擊軍,高效指揮控制軍,智能後勤保障軍。

德國於2005年,提出了建設“新三軍”設想,即:快速反應部隊,常備作戰部隊,後勤支援部隊。

去年底,俄軍總參謀部完成了關於武裝力量改革方案。俄軍新一輪結構改革方案,取消了軍兵種、軍區和艦隊,重新成立三個職能司令部和三個地區司令部。三個職能司令部是:戰略核力量司令部、運輸司令部、空天防禦司令部。三個地區司令部是:西歐司令部、中亞司令部和遠東司令部。

從總體上看,軍隊結構變革雖然各國都有自己的特色,但共同點是趨於綜合、趨於一體化,傳統的軍兵種之間的界限日益模糊。信息化軍隊不只是技術,重要的是與新技術相聯繫的新的結構方式——最終還是結構決定功能。

Original Referring url: http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2006-04-20/