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中國軍隊信息戰裝備的作戰運用 – Chinese Military Operation of Information Warfare Equipment

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中國軍隊信息戰裝備的作戰運用

Chinese Military Operation of Information Warfare Equipment

Information warfare is the C4ISR system and C4ISR system of confrontation, is the advantage of information contention, the main purpose is to ensure that their own information system to run properly, from the enemy use, paralysis and destruction; the same time, trying to use, paralyzed and destroy the enemy’s information system, So that in a paralyzed, confused state. Information warfare includes two parts: strategic information warfare and battlefield information warfare.

Strategic information warfare and information warfare battlefield

strategic information warfare is mainly characterized by a wide range of sectors covering all key political, economic, technological, and military and other special areas; special way, relates to psychological warfare, media warfare, deception warfare, media warfare and other special Means that the target is special, mainly through the decadence war, psychological warfare, information deterrence attack the enemy’s understanding system and thinking system; great harm, can make the whole country’s economic, political or military paralyzed, and even make it happen alternately; Personnel special, the war is not necessarily military personnel, computer experts, international criminal groups, ulterior motives of hackers or terrorist organizations and so may become war personnel.

Battlefield information warfare is the information warfare in the battle space, refers to the preparation and conduct of a campaign, the integrated use of information technology and a variety of information technology weapons, information combat platform and C4ISR system, in reconnaissance detection and early warning, information processing and Transmission, weapons control and guidance, operational command and control, camouflage deception and interference, as well as military strategy and other aspects of the comprehensive confrontation and struggle. Battlefield information warfare is through the interference or disrupting the enemy decision-making process, so that the enemy can not effectively take concerted action. Therefore, we must first affect the enemy decision-making, and then affect its actions, that is, to win the air electromagnetic advantage, and then made the air superiority, and finally the use of conventional forces to take combat operations. To seize the right to information system, to seize the initiative to fight the space, but also for the fight for land rights, air supremacy, sea power and the system of the right to lay a good foundation and necessary conditions.

A The basic combat forces and means are digital forces and information weapons equipment, the main contents include combat confidentiality, military deception, electronic warfare, psychological warfare and fire destroyed, the core purpose is to compete for the battle space information access , Control and use rights. Battlefield information warfare is the confrontation of the information system, it directly affects the entire battle space, the whole process of war and success or failure. Battlefield information warfare The main combat style is the electronic warfare and cyber warfare. Electronic warfare is an important part of the battlefield information warfare, mainly for the enemy communications, radar and other electromagnetic radiation source for the lure, interference, destruction and destruction activities. In the Gulf War, the electronic warfare was not only for the first time on a large scale, but also as a campaign stage and a specific campaign in war. In the Kosovo war, NATO used a lot of electronic warfare equipment, and the first use of electromagnetic pulse bombs and the first time a network war. Network warfare is a cyber-confrontational activity in computer cyberspace, using the Internet, and is being used for the first time in the Kosovo war. NATO network warfare measures include: network advertising; hacker attacks; attacks on financial networks. The main feature of the network war in the Southern Alliance is the people’s war mode, fans, computer fans and computer enthusiasts spontaneously carried out a large number of network operations, such as online publicity, attack NATO website, the use of network transmission of information.

Information warfare equipment in war equipment electronic warfare equipment the trend of electronic warfare equipment increasingly integrated and universal, under the conditions of information technology in the local war, the battlefield of the electromagnetic environment is increasingly complex, the past that the separation of each other, a single function of electronic warfare equipment is far from Adapt to combat needs. Integration and generalization has become the focus of the development of electronic warfare equipment and future electronic warfare equipment overall development direction. In order to deal more effectively with the complex and volatile electromagnetic threat in the information warfare, the future of the new generation of electronic warfare equipment, will be widely used advanced computer technology, greatly improve the automation of the entire system to have better real-time capabilities, since Adaptability and full power management capability. Electronic warfare equipment, work areas continue to widen, increasing the transmission power, millimeter-wave technology and the development of optical technology, the modern electronic warfare equipment, the frequency of continuous development to a wider band. On the whole, the future range of electronic warfare equipment will be extended to the entire electromagnetic spectrum. GPS interference and anti-interference will be concerned about the practice of war has shown that if the loss of GPS support, it will greatly weaken the information advantage, so that command, control, reconnaissance, combat, military and other military aspects are facing severe tests, Combat effectiveness. Focusing on the development of anti-radiation and new electronic warfare jets, attention to the development of new, special electronic warfare technology and equipment, such as anti-satellite laser weapons, high-energy particle beam weapons, and meteor communication, neutrino communication and so on.

Computer virus weapon <a In the military information system, the battlefield information acquisition, transmission, processing and other functions need to complete the computer and network, computer network is the basis and pioneer of information warfare. The use of software-driven sniffers and hardware magnetic sniffers and other sniffing network is an important way to attack the network. These sniffing tools were originally a test device used to diagnose and assist in repairing the network, so it was a powerful tool for network management personnel to manage the network, but it was a terrible computer virus weapon in information warfare. It can make the network “service denied”, “information tampering”, information “halfway steal” and so on. In addition, will also focus on design “portal trap”. “Portal trap”, also known as “back door”, is a computer system designer in the system in advance of a structure, in the application appears or operating system, the programmer to insert some debugging agencies. System programmers in order to achieve the purpose of the attack system, deliberately left a small number of portal traps for familiar with the system staff to go beyond the normal system protection and sneak into the system. Network is an important infrastructure for information warfare, network-based warfare is mainly based on the network and the network is reliable to determine the outcome of the war. Therefore, to strengthen the network of offensive and defensive combat research, to win the future of information war is essential. 　　Electromagnetic pulse bombs

Iraq war, the US military used a lot of electronic warfare equipment, and the use of electromagnetic pulse bombs attacked the Iraqi radio and television system and the Iraqi military various types of electronic radiation source. Electromagnetic pulse bomb, also known as microwave pulse bomb, is through the micro-beam into electromagnetic energy, damage to each other’s electronic facilities and personnel of a new directional energy weapons. Its working principle is: high-power microwave through the antenna gathered into a very narrow, very strong electromagnetic waves fired at each other, relying on this beam of electromagnetic waves generated by high temperature, ionization, radiation and other integrated effects in the target internal electronic circuit to produce fatal voltage And the current, breakdown or burn the sensitive components, damage to the computer stored in the data, so that the other side of the weapons and command system paralyzed, loss of combat effectiveness. According to the test, a briefcase size of the microwave bomb, can produce power of 300 million watts of pulse waves. Will be more than one connection, it can become an adjustable radiation source, resulting in more than 2 billion watts of pulse waves. This pulse wave is somewhat similar to the nuclear pulse generated when the nuclear explosion can easily from the power and communication pipes into the underground bunker, which rely on radio, radar, computers, power grids and telephone modern weapons systems, chemical and biological arsenal and its production The shop was paralyzed in an instant.

GPS interference device <a I = 13> Iraq war, the Iraqi military use of GPS interferometer on the Tomahawk cruise missiles for effective interference, which is the first time in combat in the GPS guidance system interference. GPS signal is very weak, very easy to interfere. A Russian company offers a 4-watt power handheld GPS jammers that can be bought for less than $ 4,000. If you buy parts from a retail e-store, spend $ 400 to create a GPS jammer with a radius of 16 km or more. Before the war in Iraq, the United States had expected the Iraqi side to interfere with GPS signals. The United States has already been equipped with anti-jamming technology for its GPS bombs and missiles so that these GPS-guided weapons can continue to use GPS signals in the event of interference; even if the GPS signal is lost, these weapons can also use their own other guidance system Such as inertial navigation, laser guidance, etc., so that they reach the target. Nevertheless, the early Iraq war, the US military more than a dozen Tomahawk cruise missiles or because of interference from the scheduled route, falling in Turkey, Syria and Iran. Small GPS jitter problem alerted the US government, Powell personally come forward to investigate the source of Iraqi GPS jammers, Russia and other countries imposed no small pressure.

Gulf War, GPS navigator as a trial for the first time issued to the use of desert combat personnel, the effect is obvious. At that time, including cruise missiles, including all the weapons are not using GPS navigation device. During the war in Iraq, we saw almost all of the combat platforms, and every soldier, almost all of the missiles and bombs used this kind of navigation device, so that the tanks, planes, ships were more mobile so that the missiles and bombs were The probability error is reduced to 1-3 m, within a maximum of 10 m. <A I = 15> everything has a disadvantage. GPS navigation defects and information technology weapons and equipment of the drawbacks is the same, that is, electronic interference. From the perspective of the development of weapons and equipment, the purchase of a cruise missile needs more than 100 million dollars, and manufacturing a GPS jammers only a few hundred dollars, as a strategic defense side, if a large number of development and development of GPS jammers, not only for US missiles And bombs are a threat to their tanks, planes, ships and personnel navigation and positioning will also have a huge impact. Of course, you should also see the US military fight, further, after the end of the war in Iraq will be based on the lessons of the war to improve the GPS system. Is expected to be improved in three areas: First, GPS satellites, mainly to enhance the satellite launch signal, and as much as possible to launch GPS satellites; Second, improve the guidance system, mainly to increase the composite guidance device, after the GPS guidance is disturbed, Automatic recovery or transfer to inertia and other navigation methods to ensure the normal operation of the platform and weapons; Third, GPS anti-interference, mainly to improve the GPS receiver anti-jamming capability, the development of new GPS receiver, Machine and jamming machine for electronic suppression and interference.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

信息戰是C4ISR系統與C4ISR系統的對抗，是信息優勢的爭奪，主要目的是確保己方信息系統正常運行，免遭敵方利用、癱瘓和破壞﹔同時，設法利用、癱瘓和破壞敵人的信息系統，使之處於癱瘓、迷茫狀態。信息戰包括戰略信息戰和戰場信息戰兩大部分。

戰略信息戰和戰場信息戰

戰略信息戰主要特征是范圍廣泛，涉及國家政治、經濟、科技、軍事等各個要害部門和特殊領域﹔方式特殊，涉及心理戰、輿論戰、欺騙戰、媒體戰等特殊手段﹔目標特殊，主要是通過誘騙戰、心理戰、信息威懾等攻擊敵人的認識體系和思維體系﹔危害巨大，能使整個國家的經濟、政治或軍事陷入癱瘓，甚至能使其發生政權交替﹔人員特殊，參戰人員不一定軍人，計算機專家、國際犯罪集團、別有用心的黑客或恐怖組織等都可能成為參戰人員。

戰場信息戰是發生在戰斗空間內的信息戰，是指為准備和進行一場戰役，綜合運用信息技術手段和各種信息化武器、信息化作戰平台和C4ISR系統，在偵察探測及預警、信息處理與傳遞、武器控制和制導、作戰指揮與控制、偽裝欺騙與干擾以及軍事謀略等方面展開的全面對抗和斗爭。戰場信息戰是通過干擾或打亂敵方決策程序，使敵方無法有效採取協調一致的行動。因此，要先影響敵人決策，然后再影響其行動，即先贏得空中電磁優勢，再取得空中優勢，最后使用常規部隊採取作戰行動。奪取了制信息權，就奪取了戰斗空間的主動權，而且為爭奪制陸權、制空權、制海權和制天權奠定一個良好基礎和必要條件。

戰場信息戰的基本作戰力量和手段是數字化部隊及信息化武器裝備，主要內容包括作戰保密、軍事欺騙、電子戰、心理戰和火力摧毀，核心目的是爭奪戰斗空間的信息獲取權、控制權和使用權。戰場信息戰是信息體系的對抗，它直接影響到整個戰斗空間、整場戰爭的進程和成敗。戰場信息戰的主要作戰樣式是電子戰和網絡戰。電子戰是戰場信息戰的一個重要組成部分，主要是針對敵人通信、雷達等電磁輻射源進行的誘騙、干擾、破壞和摧毀活動。海灣戰爭中，電子戰不僅首次大規模使用，而且正式作為戰爭中的一個戰役階段和特定戰役行動。科索沃戰爭中，北約使用了大量電子戰裝備，並首次使用了電磁脈沖炸彈並首次進行了網絡戰。網絡戰是在計算機網絡空間，利用因特網進行的一種網絡對抗活動，並在科索沃戰爭中首次使用。北約網絡戰的措施包括：網絡宣傳﹔黑客攻擊﹔襲擊金融網絡等。南聯盟網絡戰的主要特征是人民戰爭模式，網迷、電腦迷和計算機愛好者自發地進行了大量網絡作戰行動，如開展網上宣傳、攻擊北約網站、利用網絡傳遞情報等。

戰爭中的信息戰裝備

電子戰裝備

電子戰裝備的發展趨勢日趨一體化和通用化，信息化條件下的局部戰爭中，戰場上的電磁環境日益復雜，以往那種彼此分立、功能單一的電子戰裝備已遠遠不能適應作戰需要了。一體化和通用化已成為當前電子戰裝備發展的重點和未來電子戰裝備總的發展方向。為了更有效地對付信息化戰爭中復雜多變的電磁威脅，未來新一代的電子對抗裝備，將廣泛採用先進的計算機技術，大幅度提高整個系統的自動化程度，以具備更好的實時能力、自適應能力和全功率管理能力。電子戰裝備的工作頻段不斷拓寬，發射功率不斷增大，毫米波技術和光電技術的發展，使現代電子戰裝備的工作頻率不斷向更寬的頻段發展。從整體上看，未來電子戰裝備的工作范圍必將擴展到整個電磁波頻譜。GPS干擾與反干擾將受到關注，戰爭實踐已經表明，如果失去GPS的支持，就會極大地削弱信息優勢，使指揮、控制、偵察、打擊、部隊機動等各個軍事環節都面臨嚴峻考驗，嚴重降低戰斗力。重點發展反輻射和新型電子戰干擾機，重視發展新型、特殊的電子戰技術裝備，如用於反衛星的激光武器、高能粒子束武器，以及流星余跡通信、中微子通信等等。

計算機病毒武器

在軍事信息系統中，戰場信息的獲取、傳遞、處理等功能需要計算機及網絡來完成，計算機網絡是進行信息戰的基礎和先鋒。利用軟件驅動嗅探器和硬件磁感應嗅探器等對網絡進行嗅探是進攻網絡的重要方法。這些嗅探工具原本是一種測試設備，用來診斷和協助修理網絡，因此它是網管人員管理網絡的一種得力工具，但在信息戰中卻是一種可怕的計算機病毒武器。它能使網絡“服務否認”、“信息篡改”、信息“中途竊取”等。另外，也將重視設計“門戶陷阱”。“門戶陷阱”又稱“后門”，是計算機系統設計者預先在系統中構造的一種機構，在應用出現或操作系統期間，程序員插入一些調試機構。系統程序員為了達到攻擊系統的目的，特意留下少數門戶陷阱，供熟悉系統的人員用以超越對方正常的系統保護而潛入系統。網絡是信息化戰爭的重要基礎設施，網絡中心戰主要是基於網絡而進行的，網絡是否可靠決定戰爭的勝負。因此，加強網絡攻防作戰的研究，對於贏得未來信息化戰爭至關重要。

電磁脈沖炸彈

伊拉克戰爭中，美軍使用了大量電子戰裝備，並使用電磁脈沖炸彈襲擊了伊拉克廣播電視系統及伊軍各類電子輻射源。電磁脈沖炸彈也稱微波脈沖炸彈，是通過把微波束轉化為電磁能，毀傷對方電子設施和人員的一種新型定向能武器。其工作原理是：高功率微波經過天線聚集成一束很窄、很強的電磁波射向對方，依靠這束電磁波產生的高溫、電離、輻射等綜合效應，在目標內部的電子線路中產生致命的電壓和電流，擊穿或燒毀其中的敏感元器件，毀損電腦中存貯的數據，從而使對方的武器和指揮系統陷於癱瘓，喪失戰斗力。據測試，一枚公文包大小的微波炸彈，可產生功率達3億瓦的脈沖波。將其多個聯接后，則能成為可調整的輻射源，產生20億瓦以上的脈沖波。這種脈沖波有點類似核爆炸時產生的電磁脈沖，可以輕易地從電力和通訊管道進入地下掩體，使其中依賴無線電、雷達、計算機、電網和電話等的現代化武器系統、生化武器庫及其生產車間在瞬間癱瘓。

GPS干擾設備

伊拉克戰爭中，伊軍利用GPS干擾儀對戰斧巡航導彈進行了有效的干擾，這是第一次在實戰中對GPS制導系統進行干擾。GPS信號很弱，很易於干擾。一家俄羅斯公司提供的一種4瓦功率的手持GPS干擾機，不到4000美元就能買到。如果從零售電子商店購買部件組裝，花400美元就可以制造一個干擾半徑16公裡以上的GPS干擾機。伊拉克戰爭開戰之前，美國就已經預料到伊拉克方面會干擾GPS信號。美國其實早已經給其GPS炸彈和導彈裝載了抗干擾技術，使這些GPS導引的武器能夠在干擾的情況下繼續使用GPS信號﹔即使GPS信號丟失，這些武器還可以使用自身的其他導引系統如慣性導航、激光制導等，使自己到達目標。盡管如此，伊拉克戰爭初期，美軍十幾枚戰斧式巡航導彈還是因受干擾偏離預定航線，落在土耳其、敘利亞和伊朗境內。小小的GPS干擾機問題驚動了美國朝野，鮑威爾親自出面調查伊拉克GPS干擾機的來源，對俄羅斯等國施加了不小的壓力。

海灣戰爭中，GPS導航儀作為試用品首次發放給沙漠作戰人員使用，效果明顯。當時，包括巡航導彈在內的所有武器都沒有採用GPS導航裝置。伊拉克戰爭中，我們看到幾乎所有的作戰平台，每一個單兵，幾乎全部的導彈和炸彈都採用了這種導航裝置，從而使坦克、飛機、艦艇的機動更加精確，使導彈和炸彈的原概率誤差縮小到1—3米，最大10米范圍之內。

凡事有一利必有一弊。GPS導航的弊端與信息化武器裝備的弊端是一樣的，就是電子干擾問題。從武器裝備發展角度來看，購買一枚巡航導彈需要100多萬美元，而制造一部GPS干擾機才幾百美元，作為戰略防御一方，如果能夠大量發展和研制GPS干擾機，不僅對於美軍導彈和炸彈是一種威脅，對其坦克、飛機、艦艇和人員的導航定位也將產生巨大影響。當然，也應看到美軍打一仗、進一步，伊拉克戰爭結束后必將根據戰爭中的教訓，改進GPS系統。預計將在三個方面進行改進：一是GPS衛星，主要是增強衛星發射信號，並盡可能多的發射GPS衛星﹔二是改進制導系統，主要是增加復合制導裝置，在GPS指導受到干擾之后，自動恢復或轉入慣性等其他導航方式，以保証平台和武器的正常運行﹔三是GPS反干擾，主要是提高GPS接收機抗干擾能力，研制新型GPS接收機，在戰區對地方軍民用GPS接收機和干擾機進行電子壓制和干擾等。

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China’s Analysis of US Army Network Operations Conceptual Concept Conception: To fight for information dominance

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US Army Network Operations Conceptual Concept Conception: To fight for information dominance

The US Army Training and Command Command assesses the future combat environment, clearly emphasizing the importance of obtaining information on all relevant aspects of future battlefields. Army forces in the color of people such as action in the face, with a new, network-based, technology-based threats. These threats use emerging technologies to build and maintain a cultural and social advantage; and make full use of these new capabilities for command and control, staff recruitment, logistics coordination, fundraising and dissemination of information. To take action in this new environment, the Army must re-adjust its message “focus”. Army leaders and soldiers must have an in-depth understanding of how to use information-based capabilities to capture and maintain situational awareness. In the future battlefield, know how to fight for information and give full play to information, while denying the opponent’s ability to win more and more important.

The assessment shows that the Army’s existing vocabulary, including, for example, computer network operations (CNO), electronic warfare (EW) and information operations (IO), will become increasingly difficult to meet demand. In order to meet these challenges, the full spectrum of military operations (FSO) should have three interrelated dimensions, each of which has its own set of causal logic and needs to focus on the development of the program:

The first dimension is the confrontation with the psychological will of enemies, hostile factions, criminal gangs and potential opponents.

The second dimension is a strategic alliance, including maintaining a friend in the country, getting ally in a foreign country, and obtaining their support or identity for the task.

The third dimension is the network power confrontation, including the acquisition, maintenance and use of a technical advantage.

The first dimension and the second dimension emphasize how commanders and staff officers should carefully plan and use information to fulfill their mission. The third dimension emphasizes gaining and maintaining an advantage in increasingly converged cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) media. The advantages of the Army’s access to advantages, protection advantages and opponents’ inferiority are included in these three dimensions; and contribute to the achievement of those actions that must be achieved through tactical, operational and strategic levels of unified action. The current combat action makes us more convinced that each dimension needs to have its own corresponding concepts and capabilities.

Information operations (IO) contain all three dimensions, but the word is increasingly becoming a generic term that can be used for any form of information. Computer network operations and electronic warfare itself is not enough to describe the full range of network confrontation. To this end, we are carrying out a comprehensive description of each dimension of the comprehensive research activities. The first two dimensions (Confrontation and Strategic Alliances of Will) will be presented in a conceptual plan to be developed separately, followed by a competency-based assessment.

This manual relates to the electronic warfare, computer network operations and cyberspace in the third dimension – networked confrontation. The Training and Command Command No. 525-7-8 is the first step towards a consensus on how the technological advances can change the operational environment, how the leaders should think about cyber operations, how to integrate their overall actions, and what they need ability. This manual provides a methodology for developing results-based, emphasis-based, and intelligent solutions that will enable the US Army to win in online confrontation. – Director of the Army – Ability Center for Lieutenant General

Executive summary

Describe the problem

The combat environment has changed significantly. The convergence and rapid development of computer and communication network technology, the global proliferation of information and communication technology (ICT) and its impact on social and social networks impact the combat environment. The use of this information revolution in the form of agents (agents) on the United States of key infrastructure and combat missions constitute a huge threat. These actors have both traditional national and non-combatants, multinational corporations, criminal organizations, terrorists, hackers, mischievous hackers and misuse of individuals. They together to create a continuous turbulence, never calm the environment. In this document, unless otherwise stated, the term “opponent” is used to describe them.

Develop a solution

Training and Order Command (TRADOC) 525-7-8, “CyberOps Concepts 2016-2028”, a comprehensive review of the 2016 to 2028 Army future forces how to make full use of cyberspace implementation of effective Network operations. The manual includes a conceptual framework for incorporating cyber operations into full spectrum operations (FSO), laying the groundwork for subsequent development of the order. This conceptual framework outlines how the commander integrates network operations to gain advantage, protect the advantages and set opponents at the disadvantage. The manual also establishes a common dictionary for the Army’s network operations, describing the relationship between cyberspace and the other four domains (earth and sea) and with the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, it explains how the technology that continues to converge will affect full-spectrum operations and capacity development, providing strong support for Army design, development, acquisition and deployment of fully integrated network capabilities.

Program Background: Three dimensions of full spectrum combat

A, the US Army Training and Command Commander (CG) instructs the Joint Arms Center (CAC) to lead a working group to organize the mission domain for cyberspace, cyber warfare and information operations, as well as the training and commanding forces The modernization of the structure suggests a conceptual framework. On October 16, 2009, the Command and Command Command (CG) submitted a series of recommendations to the Army Deputy Chief of Staff. In his suggestion included the following:

(1) The Joint Arsenal Center believes that existing vocabularies (cyber-e-warfare) are enough at the moment, but will be increasingly insufficient to describe the challenges the Army faces in future combat environments.

(2) The joint arms center draws conclusions that should be considered from three dimensions, which run through full spectrum operations, and each dimension needs to be addressed by the design of forces and the development of orders.

(3) Thus, while the Army can now describe functions related to network and spectrum military operations as network-electronic warfare – information operations, the Joint Arms Center firmly believes that the future Army should describe them in the following ways:

The first dimension – the first dimension is the confrontation with the psychological will between the enemy, the hostile faction, the criminal gang and the potential opponent.

The second dimension, the second dimension, is a strategic alliance, including maintaining a friendly relationship with allies in the country, forming an alliance abroad, supporting or focusing on the mission of the military operations area.

The third dimension – the third dimension is the net – electromagnetic against. The continuous development of wired, wireless and optical technologies provides the conditions for convergence and cross-linking of computers and communication networks.

B, Training and Command Command No. 525-7-8 manual is mainly about how to win in this third dimension, that is, network confrontation, and put forward a concept – that is, network operations can promote the completion of the other two tasks.

Core point of view

A Win in cyber confrontation means getting progress in three ways: gaining the edge, protecting the advantage, and setting the opponent at a disadvantage.

B. The commander seeks freedom of movement in cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum while losing opponents at the time and place they are determined; thus supporting various military in cyberspace and the other four domains of cyberspace (land and sea) activity. Cyberspace military operations are included in the network confrontation to take advantage, to protect the advantages and opponents in the disadvantages to take action. Network operations itself is not the ultimate goal, more as an important component of the whole spectrum of operations, to win the network confrontation is in peacetime military confrontation in the attention of the general activities. Network operations are ongoing and confrontation takes place every day, and in most cases there is no need for other forces to participate.

Solution framework

The existing terms of the term do not fully address the scope of the relevant tasks according to the definition of the Department of Defense cyberspace and cyber warfare. As a result, the framework developed by the manual defines four major components of network operations: CyberWar, CyNetOps, CyberSpt, and Cyberas.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1. Related background

The combat environment (OE) has changed significantly. The hostile activities in cyberspace and through cyberspace have reached unprecedented levels, threatening the basic elements of the key infrastructure, financial systems and national power of the United States. These threats come from a wide range of sources, unknowingly hackers to sovereign states, and the level of competencies varies. They together to create a continuous turbulence, never calm the environment. In this document, unless otherwise stated, the term “opponent” is used to describe them.

B. The rapid development of technology and its widespread proliferation make it increasingly difficult to win in full spectrum operations. The combination of wired, wireless and optical technology leads to the convergence of computers and telecommunications networks; handheld computing devices are growing in number and performance. The new generation of systems is emerging to form a global, mixed adaptive network that combines wired, wireless, optical, satellite communications, monitoring and data acquisition (SCADA) and other systems. In the near future, the network will provide users with ubiquitous access, so that they can be near real-time on-demand collaboration.

C. With the rapid development of technology, the ability of national opponents also increased, which makes the combat environment more complex. Who can gain, protect and exploit the advantages in competitive, crowded cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, who will master the initiative. On the contrary, if a party fails in the confrontation, or because the system was disturbed or destroyed and can not be effective action, it will give a huge advantage to the opponent.

D. Access, protection and advantage are not easy. US rivals use the commercial market as a platform for their development, making them more agile and adaptable than Army’s long research, development, testing and identification, and acquisition processes. Opponents are increasingly good at using cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum capabilities and activities that are often outside the sight of our Army’s conventional operations. In order to capture and maintain the battle and tactical advantages for these flexible opponents, the Army must make cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum the core and conventional components of its operations; and commanders also need the relevant competencies and the corresponding experts to apply them.

1.2. Purpose

The purpose of the Handbook No. 525-7-8 of the Training and Command Command is to examine how the Army’s future forces will integrate the cyberspace capabilities and cyber operations into full spectrum operations between 2016 and 2028.

1.3. Scope

The 525-7-8 Handbook of the Training and Command Command draws out how the commander can integrate cyber operations with other capabilities to gain advantage in full spectrum operations and to protect the advantages of concatenating opponents’ initial research results. The results of the study will be further refined through a competency-based assessment and development process. The manual describes how the commander seeks freedom of movement in cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum while losing opponents at the time and place they determine; thus supporting the cyberspace as well as using cyberspace in the other four domains (land and sea) Of various military activities. This manual establishes a common dictionary and framework for network operations and describes the relationship between cyberspace and air, land, sea, and domain, and electromagnetic spectrum. It also explains how the technologies that continue to converge increase the impact on full spectrum operations and capacity development; identifies the network operations and support capabilities needed to support future force modernization initiatives; and suggests the cyberspace and electromagnetic Spectrum related to research questions.

1.4 method

This manual follows the design process approved by the Training and Command Command. Chapter 2 describes the existing conditions and requirements for cyberspace in combat environments. Chapter 3 compares the existing conditions and the desired final state in the operational environment, thus establishing a plan for the formulation of the program. Chapter 4 presents frameworks, core ideas, support ideas and dictionaries. Appendix A contains the required and related references. Appendix B describes the structure of the evolving network operations. Appendix C describes how to incorporate cyber combat as an organic component into the whole process, rather than being free from the entire action, according to the commander’s intentions and objectives. Appendix D (published) and Appendix E (confidential) discuss the required capabilities. Appendix F identifies issues at the executive level throughout the process, organization, training, equipment, leadership and education, personnel, and equipment (DOTMLPF) to support subsequent cost-benefit analysis efforts.

1.5. Key Definitions

A, cyberspace is defined as “a global domain in the information environment, interconnected by information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, communications networks, computer systems and embedded processors and controllers.”

B, the network war is: “the use of cyberspace capabilities, its primary purpose is to achieve goals in cyberspace or through cyberspace, which includes computer network operations, as well as operational and defensive activities of the global information grid” The

C, the electromagnetic spectrum is from zero to infinite electromagnetic radiation frequency range. It is divided into bands numbered by 26 letters.

1.6. Relationship with the concept of union and the concept of the army

A The Manual No. 525-7-8 of the Training and Command Command is consistent with the concept of joint and the concept of the Army, which includes the concept of joint operations and the top concept of the Army. The capabilities described in this manual may be incorporated into the Joint Capability Domain (JCA) and related operational functions. The Department of Defense uses a joint capacity domain to describe how the various capabilities support the joint function. The joint competency domain establishes the foundation of the process based on the capabilities of the Department of Defense, and the network combat capability can be embedded in the combined capabilities of the first level of force use, protection, combat space perception and network center action. Similarly, the network combat capability not only strengthened the Army’s operational functions and combat elements, but also their necessary composition.

B, Training and Order Command Manual 525-3-0. The manual argues that war is the will of the will, and that in order to win, the army must try its best to play a psychological and technical influence as one of the six main ideas that support the top concept of the army. The top-level concept declares that the Army is increasingly dependent on the continuous integration of electromagnetic, computer networks and space-based capabilities, so the technical influence requires troops to prepare for a new “cyber battlefield” to fight and win. Because the technology that affects the movement of information is developing too fast, the Army must continually assess what capabilities it needs to acquire, protect and exploit advantages in high-intensity cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum. This handbook supports this top-level concept by determining the capabilities required to successfully perform full-spectrum operations.

C, Training and Command Command No. 525-3-1 Handbook and Training and Command Command No. 525-3-2. These two manuals, in order to support the Army’s operational concept, define the capabilities of operational command, intelligence, fire and protection needed to carry out effective campaigns and tactical maneuvers in future combat environments. Network capabilities and the advantages of cyberspace for the future of the Army in the mobility of command and control to reduce operational risk is critical. The Training and Command Command Manual No. 525-7-8 complements the Army function concept that supports campaign mobility and tactical maneuver.

D, Training and Order Command Manual 525-7-6. With the convergence of wired, wireless and optical technologies, future force commanders will use electronic warfare and cyber warfare capabilities. The use of wired and optical technology is becoming increasingly frequent

美國陸軍網絡作戰概念能力構想:要為信息力而戰
美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部評估未來作戰環境時明確強調了獲取未來戰場全部相關方面信息的重要性。陸軍部隊要在各色人等中行動出沒，面臨著全新的、網絡化的、基於技術的各種威脅。這些威脅會利用新興技術建立並保持一種文化和社會優勢；並充分利用這些新能力進行指揮控制、人員招募、後勤協調、資金籌集及消息傳播。要在這種新的環境中有效行動，陸軍就必須重新調整其信息“著力點”。陸軍領導人和士兵們必須深入地了解如何使用基於信息的能力獲取並保持態勢感知。在未來戰場上，懂得如何為信息力而戰並充分發揮信息力，同時拒止對手的這種能力，對於取勝越來越重要。

評估表明，陸軍的現有詞彙，包括例如計算機網絡作戰(CNO)、電子戰(EW)和信息作戰(IO)等，都將越來越難以滿足需求。為了應對這些挑戰，全譜軍事作戰(FSO)應有三個相互關聯的維度，其中每個維度都有自己的一套因果邏輯，並需要集中製定方案：

第一維是與不能和解的敵人、敵對派別、犯罪團伙和潛在對手的心理意志的對抗。

第二維是戰略結盟，包括在國內維持朋友、在國外獲得盟友以及獲得他們對任務的支持或認同。

第三維是網電對抗，包括獲得、保持和利用一種技術上的優勢。

第一維和第二維強調指揮官和參謀人員應如何精心籌劃和使用信息力來履行使命。第三維則強調在日益融合的網絡空間和電磁頻譜(EMS)媒介中獲得和保持一種優勢。陸軍獲取優勢、保護優勢和置對手於劣勢的概念都包含在這三個維度中；並且有助於達成那些必須通過戰術、戰役和戰略級別的統一行動才能實現的效果。當前的作戰行動更讓我們堅信，每一維都需要有自己相應的概念和能力。

信息作戰（IO）包含所有這三維，但這個詞卻越來越成為一個對任何形式的信息使用都可以指代的泛名詞。計算機網絡作戰和電子戰本身又不足以描述網電對抗的全部範疇。為此，我們正在開展一項充分描述每一維的全面攻關活動。前兩維（意志的對抗和戰略結盟）將在即將單獨制定的概念能力規劃中進行陳述，之後還將進行基於能力的評估。

本手冊與第三維——網電對抗中的電子戰、計算機網絡作戰和網絡空間有關。訓練與條令司令部525-7-8號手冊是對以下問題形成共識的第一步，包括技術上的進步如何改變作戰環境，領導人應該怎樣思考網絡作戰，怎樣整合他們的整體行動以及需要哪些能力。本手冊提供了製定基於效果、強調集成並且充滿智慧的解決方案的方法，這些方案將使美國陸軍在網電對抗中獲勝。 —邁克爾-文恩陸軍中將 陸軍能力集成中心主任

執行概要

描述問題

作戰環境已經顯著變化。計算機與通信網絡技術的會聚和迅猛發展、信息與通信技術（ICT）的全球擴散及其對社會和社會網絡的影響衝擊著作戰環境。利用這一信息革命的形形色色的行動者（agents）對美國的關鍵基礎設施和作戰任務構成了巨大威脅。這些行動者既有傳統的民族國家，也有非戰鬥人員、跨國公司、犯罪組織、恐怖分子、黑客聯盟、惡作劇的黑客以及誤操作的個人。他們共同創造了一個持續動盪、永無平息的環境。在本文件中，除非另行說明，均採用“對手”一詞描述他們。

制定解決方案

訓練與條令司令部（TRADOC）525-7-8號手冊，“美國陸軍網絡戰（Cyber​​Ops）概念能力規劃2016-2028”，全面審視了2016到2028年陸軍未來部隊如何充分利用網絡空間實施有效的網絡作戰。該手冊包括1個把網絡作戰納入全譜作戰（FSO）的概念框架，從而為後續的條令開發工作奠定基礎。這個概念框架勾勒了指揮官如何整合網絡作戰從而獲取優勢、保護優勢並置對手於劣勢。該手冊還為陸軍網絡作戰建立了一個通用詞典，描述了網絡空間與其它四個域（陸海空天）以及與電磁頻譜之間的關係。最後，它解釋了不斷會聚的技術將如何影響全譜作戰和能力發展，從而為陸軍設計、開發、採辦和部署充分集成的網絡能力提供有力的支撐。

方案背景：全譜作戰的三個維度

a、美國陸軍訓練與條令司令部司令（CG）指示聯合兵種中心（CAC）領導一個工作組，為網絡（cyber）、電子戰和信息作戰的使命域的組織以及訓練與條令司令部有關部隊的結構現代化的建議確定一個概念框架。 2009年10月16日，訓練與條令司令部司令（CG）向陸軍副參謀長提交了一系列建議。在他的建議中包含了以下幾條：

（1）聯合兵種中心認為，現有的詞彙（網絡-電子戰-信息作戰）在目前還夠用，但將越來越不足以描述陸軍在未來作戰環境中所面臨的挑戰。

（2）聯合兵種中心得出結論，應從三個維度進行考慮，這三個維度貫穿於全譜作戰中，並且每一維都需要解決兵力設計和條令制定問題。

（3）因此，雖然陸軍現在可以把與網絡和頻譜軍事行動相關的功能描述為網絡-電子戰-信息作戰，但聯合兵種中心堅信，未來陸軍應該用以下方式來描述它們：

第一維——第一維是與不能和解的敵人、敵對派別、犯罪團伙和潛在對手之間心理意志的對抗。

第二維——第二維是戰略結盟，包括在本土保持與盟友的友好關係、在海外形成同盟、支持或關注軍事行動區域實施的任務使命。

第三維——第三維是網電-電磁對抗。有線、無線以及光學技術的不斷發展為計算機和通信網絡的會聚和交聯提供了條件。

b、訓練與條令司令部525-7-8號手冊主要是關於如何在這個第三維，即網絡對抗中獲勝，並提出一個觀念——即網絡作戰能促進另兩維中任務的完成。

核心觀點

a.在網絡對抗中獲勝意味著同時在三個方面取得進步：獲取優勢、保護優勢以及置對手於劣勢。

b.指揮官尋求在網絡空間和電磁頻譜中的行動自由，同時在他們確定的時間和地點使對手失去自由；從而支撐在網絡空間以及借助網絡空間其它四個域（陸海空天）的各種軍事活動。網絡空間軍事行動包含在網絡對抗中為獲取優勢、保護優勢以及置對手於劣勢而採取行動。網絡作戰本身並不是最終目的，更多的是作為全譜作戰的一個重要組成，贏得網絡對抗是在和平時期軍事對抗中受到關注的普遍活動。網絡作戰不斷進行，對抗行動每天發生，大多數情況下不需要其他力量的參與。

解決方案框架

現有的條令術語沒有完全解決根據國防部網絡空間和網絡作戰的定義明確相關任務的範圍。因此，該手冊所製定的框架確定了網絡作戰包括四個主要組成部分：網絡戰爭（Cyber​​War）、網絡（空間）網絡作戰（CyNetOps）、網絡支援（Cyber​​Spt）和網絡態勢感知（Cyber​​SA）。

第一章引言

1.1.相關背景

a.作戰環境（OE）已經顯著地改變了。在網絡空間以及通過網絡空間進行的敵對活動已達到空前水平，威脅到了美國的關鍵基礎設施、金融系統和國家力量的基本要素。這些威脅來源廣泛，從不知情的黑客到主權國家，能力水平參差不齊。他們共同創造了一個持續動盪、永無平息的環境。在本文件中，除非另行說明，均採用“對手”一詞描述他們。

b.技術的突飛猛進及其廣泛擴散使得在全譜作戰中獲取勝利日益困難。有線、無線和光學技術的結合導致了計算機和電信網的融合；手持計算設備在數量和性能上不斷增長。新一代系統不斷湧現，構成了一個全球性、混雜的自適應網絡，它綜合了有線、無線、光學、衛星通信、監控和數據獲取（SCADA）及其它系統。不久的將來，網絡將為用戶提供無處不在的接入，使他們能近實時地按需協作。

c.隨著技術飛速發展，國家對手的能力也隨之提高，這使作戰環境更加複雜。誰能在競爭激烈、擁擠的網絡空間和電磁頻譜中獲取、保護和利用優勢，誰就將掌握決對主動。反之，如果一方在對抗中失敗，或由於系統遭到干擾或破壞而不能有效行動，則會把巨大的優勢拱手讓給對手。

d.獲取、保護和發揮優勢並非易事。美國的對手把商業市場作為他們發展戰鬥力的平台，使他們比陸軍冗長的研究、開發、試驗與鑑定以及採辦過程更加敏捷，適應性更強。對手越來越善於利用網絡空間和電磁頻譜能力及活動，而這些能力和活動到目前為止往往還處於我們陸軍常規行動的視線之外。為了獲取並保持針對這些靈活對手的戰役和戰術優勢，陸軍必須使網絡空間和電磁頻譜成為其作戰的核心和常規組成部分；而指揮官也需要相關的能力以及相應的專家來應用它們。

1.2.目的

訓練與條令司令部的525-7-8號手冊的目的是研究2016-2028年間陸軍未來部隊如何將各種網絡空間能力和網絡作戰整合納入全譜作戰。

1.3.範圍

訓練與條令司令部的525-7-8號手冊得出了指揮官如何把網絡作戰與其它能力相整合以在全譜作戰中獲取優勢、保護優勢並置對手於劣勢的初步研究成果。該研究結果還將通過基於能力的評估和條令開發過程進一步提煉。該手冊描述了指揮官如何尋求在網絡空間和電磁頻譜中的行動自由，同時在他們確定的時間和地點使對手失去自由；從而支撐在網絡空間以及借助網絡空間在其它四個域（陸海空天）的各種軍事活動。這份手冊為網絡作戰建立了一個通用的詞典和框架並描述了網絡空間與空、陸、海、天各域以及電磁頻譜之間的關係。它還解釋了不斷會聚的各項技術如何加大對全譜作戰和能力發展的影響；確定了支持未來部隊現代化倡議所需的網絡作戰和支撐能力；並提出了適合開展試驗的網絡空間和電磁頻譜的有關研究問題。

1.4 方法

這份手冊遵循訓練與條令司令部批准的設計過程。第二章描述了作戰環境中屬於網絡空間範疇的現有條件和所需條件。第三章比較了作戰環境中的現有條件和所需最終狀態，從而為製定方案建立了想定。第四章提出了框架、核心思想、支撐觀點和詞典。附錄A包含了所需的以及相關的參考文獻。附錄B介紹了演化中的網絡作戰的結構。附錄C描述根據指揮官的意圖和目標，如何將網絡作戰作為有機組成納入到整個行動中，而不是游離在整個行動之外。附錄D（公開的）和附錄E（保密的）討論了需要的能力。附錄F指出了貫穿於條令、組織、訓練、器材、領導和教育、人員以及設備（DOTMLPF）全過程中的執行層面的問題，從而為後繼的成本效益分析工作起步提供支持。

1.5.關鍵的定義

a、網絡空間被定義為“信息環境中的一個全球域，由信息技術基礎設施互相依賴結網而成，包括了因特網、通信網絡、計算機系統和嵌入式處理器和控制器。”

b、網絡戰是：“對網絡空間能力的運用，其首要目的是在網絡空間中或借助網絡空間達成目標。這類行動包括計算機網絡作戰，以及操作和防禦全球信息柵格的各種活動” 。

c、電磁頻譜是從零到無限大的電磁輻射頻率範圍。它被劃分為以26個字母進行表示的頻段。

1.6.與聯合概念和陸軍概念的關係

a、訓練與條令司令部的525-7-8號手冊與聯合概念和陸軍概念是一致的，這些概念包括聯合作戰頂層概念和陸軍頂層概念。本手冊所描述的能力可納入聯合能力域（JCA）和相關作戰功能。國防部用聯合能力域來描述各種能力如何支持聯合功能。聯合能力域奠定了基於國防部能力的過程的根基，而網絡作戰能力可內嵌於兵力運用、防護、作戰空間感知和網絡中心行動這些第一層次的聯合能力域之中。同樣，網絡作戰能力不僅強化了陸軍各項作戰功能和戰鬥力各要素，同時也是它們的必要組成。

b、訓練與條令司令部525-3-0號手冊。該手冊認為，戰爭是意志的較量，為了獲勝，陸軍必須盡量發揮心理上和技術上的影響力，並將其作為支撐陸軍頂層概念的六個主要思想之一。頂層概念宣稱陸軍越來越依賴不斷集成的電磁、計算機網絡和天基能力，因此發揮技術影響力要求部隊準備在新出現的“網絡戰場”中作戰並打贏。因為影響信息運動方式的技術發展太快，陸軍必須不斷地評估需要哪些能力在高強度的網絡空間和電磁頻譜中獲取、保護和利用優勢。這份手冊通過確定成功遂行全譜作戰所需的能力來支持這一頂層概念。

c、訓練與條令司令部525-3-1號手冊和訓練與條令司令部525-3-2號手冊。這兩本手冊為了支撐陸軍的作戰概念，確定了在未來作戰環境中實行有效戰役和戰術機動所需的作戰指揮、情報、火力和防護方面的各種能力。網絡能力和發揮網絡空間優勢對於陸軍未來部隊在機動中實現指揮控制和降低作戰​​風險非常關鍵。訓練與條令司令部525-7-8號手冊補充了支持戰役機動和戰術機動的陸軍功能概念。

d、訓練與條令司令部525-7-6號手冊。隨著有線、無線和光學技術的會聚，未來部隊指揮官將綜合運用電子戰和網絡作戰能力。對有線和光學技術的使用日益頻繁

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

Full Text of China Military Reform Commission //中華人民共和國軍委發布軍事改革意見全文

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Full Text of China Military Reform Commission

中華人民共和國軍委發布軍事改革意見全文

http://news.sina.com   2016年01月01日

戰略火箭軍

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 1 – Approved by the CMC Chairman Xi Jinping, the Central Military Commission recently issued “on deepening the reform of national defense and military advice.”

“Opinions” stressed eighteen since the party’s Central Military Commission and President Xi on the realization of strong military objectives, overall army more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, co-ordinate military construction and operation, co-ordination of economic development and national defense construction develop military strategic policy under the new situation, and proposed a series of major policies and principles, make a series of major decisions and plans. Implement the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission and President Xi major strategic planning and strategic design, we must deepen defense and military reform, full implementation of the reform and strengthening the military strategy, unswervingly take the road of Chinese characteristics, a strong army.

“Opinions” that deepen defense and military reform guiding ideology, thoroughly implement the party’s 18 and eighteenth session of the Third, Fourth, Fifth Plenum, Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, “Three represents “important thought, the scientific concept of development as guidance, thoroughly implement the important speech of President Xi series is especially important to discuss defense and army building, according to the” four comprehensive “strategic layout requirements in order to target the party strong army under the new situation is lead and implement the military strategic principle in the new situation, the full implementation of the reform strategy of strengthening the military, efforts to address the constraints of national defense and military development of the institutional barriers and structural problems, policy issues, and promote the modernization of the military organizational form, further emancipate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberation army and enhance the vitality of the construction with China’s international status commensurate with the interests of national security and development to adapt to the consolidation of national defense and powerful armed forces, to achieve “two hundred years” goal to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream to provide a strong assurance.

“Opinions” stressed, deepen reform of national defense and the armed forces should adhere to the following basic principles: adhere to the correct political orientation, focusing adhere to fight, persist in innovation-driven, adhere to the system design, adhere to the rule of law thinking, actively and steadily adhere to.

“Opinions” that deepen defense and military reform overall objective is to firmly grasp the principle of “total JMC tube, main battle theater, built in the main military services” to the leadership of the management system, joint operational command system reform, focusing on promoting the coordination of the scale structure , policy and institutional reform and the development of military and civilian integration depth. 2020, a breakthrough in the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, optimizing the size of the structure, improve the policy system to promote achieved important results on the integration of military and civilian aspects of the depth development of reform, efforts to build able to win the information war effectively fulfill its mission mandate Chinese characteristics of modern military system, and further improve the military system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

“Opinions” to define the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, the size of the military structure, forces, and military personnel training, policies and systems, military and civilian integration, Wuzhuangjingcha Forces Command management system and force structure, military legal system and other aspects of major task.

“Opinions” stressed deepen defense and military reform is a holistic, revolutionary change, must always be under the unified leadership of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the study, thoroughly implement the spirit of the Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference, adhere to strengthen education, unity Thought throughout, to strengthen the responsibility to implement the fine drop throughout to promote the law, moving steadily through to the end, the bottom line thinking, risk management and control throughout, with strong organizational leadership to ensure that the reform task is satisfactorily completed.

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CMC views on deepening the reform of national defense and army (full text)

To implement the Party Central Committee and President Xi’s strategic decisions and directions, push forward to deepen defense and military reform, made the following comments.

First, the significance of the reform of the guiding ideology and basic principles

(A) significant. Deepen defense and military reform, China is to realize a dream, the dream of a strong army requirements of the times, is the only way the army Hing strong army, the army also decided to move a key to the future. Eighteen years, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the party’s study on the realization of a strong army targets, co-ordinate the army more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, co-ordinate military construction and operation, co-ordination of economic development and national defense construction, the development of the new situation military strategy proposes a series of major policies and principles, make a series of major decisions and plans. Implement the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission and President Xi major strategic planning and strategic design, we must deepen defense and military reform, full implementation of the reform and strengthening the military strategy, unswervingly take the road of Chinese characteristics, a strong army. This is to deal with in today’s world of unprecedented large change in the situation will inevitably require the effective maintenance of national security; adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote the coordination necessary requirement “four comprehensive” strategic layout; the goal is to implement a strong army and military strategic policy , fulfill military missions and tasks necessary requirement. The army to fully understand the importance of deepening the reform of national defense and military necessity urgency, a high degree of historical awareness and a strong mission to play unswervingly deepen defense and military reform, efforts to hand over the party and the people a satisfactory answer.

(B) the guiding ideology. Thoroughly implement the party’s 18 and eighteenth session of the Third, Fourth, Fifth Plenum, Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of “Three Represents”, the scientific concept of development as guidance, thoroughly implement the learning Chairman of the series especially important speech of defense and army building important expositions, in accordance with the “four comprehensive” strategic layout requirements in order to target the party strong army under the new situation for the lead, must implement the military strategic principle in the new situation, the full implementation of a strong army reform strategy, efforts to address the constraints of national defense and military development of institutional barriers and structural problems, policy issues, and promote the modernization of the military organizational form, further emancipate and develop combat effectiveness, further emancipate and enhance the vitality of the armed forces, building commensurate with China’s international status, with national security and development interests compatible consolidate national defense and powerful armed forces, to achieve “two hundred years” goal to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream to provide a strong guarantee power.

(C) the fundamental principles

– Adhere to the correct political orientation. Consolidate and improve the party’s absolute leadership over the army’s fundamental principle and system, keeping the nature and purpose of the people’s army, and carry forward the glorious tradition and fine style of our military, the full implementation of the CMC chairman has overall responsibility to ensure that the military command of the supreme leadership of the Party Central Committee to focus on, CMC.

– To insist on focusing war. To adapt the form of war and the world development trend of the evolution of the military, fighting the only firmly established the fundamental standards, and effectively solve the preparations for military struggle to overcome difficult problems and combat heavy construction weaknesses, build integrated joint operations system, to enhance the army can fight, the ability to win the war.

– Adhere to innovation-driven. Implement through science and technology strategy, give full play to innovation in military theory, military technological innovation, military organizational innovation, management innovation traction and military role in promoting efforts to achieve military modernization construction by leaps and bounds, to seek greater military competitive advantage.

– Adhere to the system design. Grasping the reform initiatives of relevance, coupling, correctly handle the top-level design and stratification docking, long-term layout and transitional arrangements, supporting policy reform and relations, so that the reform and promote each other, complement each other to form the overall effect, best effect.

– Uphold the rule of law thinking. Give full play the leading role of the rule of law and norms of the reform, so that major reforms in the legal basis, reform and harmonize legislation, focusing on the use of curing the results of reform laws and regulations, to promote the rule of law reform on track.

– Actively and steadily adhere. Both our minds, trying to make this reform a breakthrough in the reform, and based on reality, steady hoof walked quickly grasp the rhythm of reform, the reform of control risk, take progressive, open the path of reform, to ensure high degree of stability and centralized.

Second, the overall objectives of the reform and main tasks

(1) the overall goal. Firmly grasp the principle of “total JMC tube, main battle theater, built in the main military services” to the leadership of the management system, joint operational command system reform, focusing on promoting the coordination of the scale structure, policies and systems and the development of military and civilian integration depth reform. 2020, a breakthrough in the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, optimizing the size of the structure, improve the policy system to promote achieved important results on the integration of military and civilian aspects of the depth development of reform, efforts to build able to win the information war effectively fulfill its mission mandate Chinese characteristics of modern military system, and further improve the military system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Accordance with the overall objectives and requirements, in 2015, focused on the implementation of organizational leadership and management system, joint operational command system reform; in 2016, organizing the implementation of the military structure and the size of a combat force structure, institutions, armed forces reform, basically completed the task of reforming stage; 2017 2020, for further adjustments related areas of reform, optimize and improve, continue to promote the reform in various fields. Policy regimes and civilian integration depth development and reform, promoting a mature one.

(2) leadership and administration system. Focus on strengthening the Central Military Commission centralized and unified leadership, strengthen strategic planning JMC authorities, strategic command, strategic management functions, optimizing the CMC Organs configuration and institutional settings, improve military services and new combat forces leadership and management system, the formation of decision-making, enforcement and oversight powers both check each other and coordinate the operation of the system.

Starting from the positioning functions, according to prominent core functions, integrate similar functions and strengthen oversight functions, fulfilling the coordination function of thinking, adjustment and reform of the Central Military Commission of Organization, headquarters for the system to adjust the multi-sectoral system. JMC delegated authority to act in the military services building functions, stripped specific management functions, merge similar adjustment similar functions, reducing the level of leadership, streamlining staffing and units directly under the command make, construction, management and supervision of four link more clear, decision-making, planning, implementation , the evaluation function configuration is more reasonable.

Sound armed services leadership and management system, optimize the configuration and functions of the organs of the military services institutional settings play an important role in the construction and management of the armed services and Security. Logistical support adjustment and reform leading management system, based on the existing joint logistics system, adjust and optimize the configuration and security forces leadership and command relationships and build joint operational command system to adapt, sub-system integration, through logistical support system designed two lines. Reform equipment development leadership and management system, build centralized system managed by the Central Military equipment department, armed services concrete construction and management, theater joint use of the institutional framework, the development of equipment construction to the Central Military equipment sector – the military services and equipment sector institutions, equipment management to ensure the implementation of the Central Military equipment sector – the military services and equipment sector – force security sector institutions. Strengthen the unified leadership of the national defense mobilization system.

(3) the joint operational command system. Adaptation Integrated Joint Operational Command requirements, establish and improve the Central Military Commission, the theater two joint operational command system, build peacetime one, normal operation, specially the main, capable and efficient, strategic and operational command system. Readjust the designation of the theater.

According to joint operations, joint command of the requirements, adjust the specification refers to linking the Central Military Commission, the military services, operational command functions of the Union refers to the theater and theater military services. And joint operational command system to adapt, and improve joint training system.

(4) the size of the military structure. Adhere to the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics and speeding up the army from quantity to quality and efficiency changes. Active duty military posts cut 300,000 troops gradually reduced the size of the 2.3 million 2 million. Optimize the proportion of military services, reduce non-combat institutions and personnel. Yajian officer positions.Optimization of weaponry scale structure, reduce equipment types of models, elimination of old equipment, the development of new equipment.

(5) Force compiled. Depending on the strategic direction of the security requirements and operational tasks, adjusting the structure, enhanced functions, optimize the layout, promote the composition of forces to the full, synthesis, and more energy, flexible direction. Optimize the structure of reserve forces, militia Yajian quantity, adjust the layout and strength marshalling mode.

(6) New Military Talents. Training of military personnel to follow the law, to build military educational institutions, military training practice, military personnel training system trinity of professional military education. Sound Central Military Commission, the leadership of the armed services two institutions management system, improve the early, middle and high three training system, adjust and optimize the structure of the scale institutions. Sound professional military education system, building full gamut of full-time professional military education platform. Creative Talents institutional mechanisms to strengthen the institutions and armed forces personnel were sterile.

(7) policy regimes. Military mission requirements and adapt the functions of national policy institutional innovation, further improve the military human resource policies and systems and logistics policies and systems, building reflects the characteristics of military occupation, and enhance the military sense of honor pride policy institutional system. Adjustment of military personnel classification, and gradually establish the rank-dominated hierarchy, to promote the professional military officers, military service system reform, non-commissioned officers system, civilian system. Veterans resettlement policies and improve the management mechanism.Deepening the management of funds, material procurement reform, construction and military wages, housing, health care, insurance and other systems. Full cessation of the armed forces to carry out foreign paid services.

(8) development of military and civilian integration. Full focus on the formation of elements, multi-field, high-effective civil-military integration depth development pattern, building a unified leadership, military coordination, smooth and efficient organization and management system, state-led, demand traction, market unity of the work of running the system, the system is complete, Joining a complete, effective incentive policies institutional system. Categories related fields to promote the reform and improve the regulatory system and the development of military and civilian integration of innovation and development mechanisms.

(9) Wuzhuangjingcha Forces Command management system and force structure. Strengthening the Central Military Commission of the centralized and unified leadership of the armed forces, the armed forces command to adjust the management system, optimize the structure and troop strength compiled.

(10) the system of military rule. Fully implement the Law forces strictly policy, improved army, to achieve fundamental to the administration by law fundamental shift from the way of simply relying on experience working habits and working practices from relying solely on executive order to rely on rules and regulations of the transition from assault-style, campaign-style grab a fundamental change to the way work according to rules and regulations act. Improve the legal system for the military and military Falvguwen system, reform the military justice system and mechanism innovation discipline inspection and supervision system and inspection system, improve the audit system mechanisms to improve the military legal talent management system, establish the rule of law and procedural rules improve the organization, improve national defense and army the level of the rule of law.

Third, the reform of organizational leadership

Deepen defense and military reform is a holistic, revolutionary change, big efforts to promote the wide, deep touch interests, of unprecedented scope, must always be under the unified leadership of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the study, thoroughly implement the Central Military Commission the spirit of reform work conference, adhere to strengthen education and unity of thought throughout to strengthen the responsibility falls fine implementation throughout to promote the law, moving steadily through to the end, the bottom line thinking, risk control throughout, with strong organizational leadership to ensure that all reforms task is satisfactorily completed.

(A) strengthen the responsibility at all levels of play. Party committees at all levels should focus on reform initiatives landing capability as an important political responsibility, improve the leadership of reform, give full play to the core leadership role, mainly to be a good leader first responsibility. Investigation should run through the whole process of reform, deepen the major theoretical and practical issues research, to discover and solve new problems. To establish and improve the supervision and assessment mechanism reform, strengthen supervision and inspection of the implementation of the reform. Each institutional reform departments at all levels must closely cooperate to create synergy, the Central Military Commission to guide the working group set up to further adjust the unit to strengthen tracking guidance, specific guidance, full guidance, the Central Military Commission inspection teams launched simultaneously inspections. Reform of the Central Military Commission and the Office to improve the preparation of the relevant mechanisms play a good co-ordination, supervision, role. Four general headquarters is necessary to do their own adjustment and reform, reform of the army but also a good guide. The new Central Military Commission after the establishment of organs and departments should pay close attention to improve the operational mechanism, into the role as soon as possible, to perform their duties. Newly formed units to adjust and improve the timely establishment of Party organizations, to strengthen the organization and leadership of the reform implementation. Each institution should take responsibility for the aftermath, and properly handle all kinds of problems left.

(B) to strengthen ideological and political work. Organization officers and soldiers in-depth study President Xi series of important expositions on deepening defense and military reform, special education organizations do a good job, deepening ideological mobilization, the army unity of thought and action to the Central Military Commission and President Xi decision-making arrangements . Senior leading organs and Gaojiganbu first common understanding, lead politics, the overall situation, discipline, promoting reform, diligence, under the above rate, the army looks good.The ideological and political work throughout the entire process of reform, the ideological trend of concern at all levels, targeted to do the work, and guide all levels to strengthen political awareness, overall awareness, sense of command and guide the officers and men turn their concepts, new ideas, and consciously from the overall high level of awareness reform unified in emancipating the mind and thought, the correct treatment adjustment of interests, and actively support, support and participate in the reform. Attaches great importance to public opinion to guide online public opinion in particular, to work, take the initiative battle, spread positive energy, to promote the reform to create a good atmosphere for public opinion.

(C) improve solid adjustment of cadres placement. The reform process as a process of strengthening the construction of the contingent of cadres, cadres carry out military standards, establish the correct employment-oriented, adhere to all over the world, merit, ability and political integrity adhere to Germany first, do a good job with leadership adjustment, selecting the right with a good cadres to firmly implement strong military goals, and actively reform plan, strongly supported the reform, the courage to join in the reform of the cadres to use. The proper placement of the backbone with retention, improve the structure together, the scientific development of cadres and resettlement plan for the adjustment, reasonably determine the fate of the advance and retreat of cadres, cadres of concern and resolve practical difficulties. Cadres should promote the reform as a showcase for the best stage talent, tempered and tested in the reform, to become promoters of reform and doers. Veteran is a valuable asset of the party and the army, security services need to carefully prepare cadres continue to work.

(D) the transfer of well-organized transfer scribe. Do a good job of personnel, materials, and funds transfer work to ensure that the old system is not out of control during the transition staff, assets are not lost, all work seamlessly. Strict military land, barracks management and ensure the transfer of the camp barracks facilities to adjust and do remedial work in construction. Comprehensive verification, financial and material base. Follow organizational security of supply in a timely manner to resolve various contradictions and problems encountered in the supply, to ensure continuous supply, not for the leak. A solid job in the transfer of weapons and equipment inventory, well-organized deployment of security equipment, equipment management and strictly implement the provisions.

(E) the strict implementation of disciplinary regulations. The more critical time of reform, the more discipline and rules put in front of the very strict political discipline, organizational discipline, and personnel discipline, financial discipline, discipline, and discipline of secrecy. Strictly political discipline and political rules, resolutely oppose Ziyouzhuyi action on organizational politics. Serious organizational and personnel discipline, adhere to the principle of press policy outlaw follow procedures. Properly handle the reality of military conflicts and problems left by history. Discipline, inspection and auditing departments should strengthen supervision and discipline, and severely punish all kinds of violation of discipline problems during the adjustment and reform.

(F) do a good job overall troop readiness training management. Pay close attention to national security and social stability during the reform period, the development of a major emergency situations response plans to improve and strictly implement the provisions of Gongzuozhidu combat readiness, combat readiness duty to maintain efficient operation of the system at all levels, to ensure that if something happens to timely and effective response. Careful planning organization’s annual military training mission. Strengthen military management, the implementation of security responsibility, to discover and solve trends and tendencies problem, prevent the occurrence of major accidents and cases, maintaining stability and security forces centralized.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

戰略火箭軍

新華社北京1月1日電　經中央軍委主席習近平批准，中央軍委近日印發了《關於深化國防和軍隊改革的意見》。

《意見》強調，黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委和習主席圍繞實現強軍目標，統籌軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設，統籌軍事力量建設和運用，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，制定新形勢下軍事戰略方針，提出一系列重大方針原則，作出一系列重大決策部署。貫​​徹落實黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的重大戰略謀劃和戰略設計， 必須深化國防和軍隊改革，全面實施改革強軍戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。

《意見》指出，深化國防和軍隊改革的指導思想是，深入貫徹黨的十八大和十八屆三中、四中、五中全會精神，以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀為指導，深入貫徹習主席系列重要講話精神特別是國防和軍隊建設重要論述，按照“四個全面”戰略佈局要求，以黨在新形勢下的強軍目標為引領，貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針，全面實施改革強軍戰略，著力解決制約國防和軍隊發展的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力，進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，為實現“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢提供堅強力量保證。

《意見》強調，深化國防和軍隊改革要堅持以下基本原則：堅持正確政治方向，堅持向打仗聚焦，堅持創新驅動，堅持體系設計，堅持法治思維，堅持積極穩妥。

《意見》指出，深化國防和軍隊改革總體目標是，牢牢把握“軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建”的原則，以領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革為重點，協調推進規模結構、政策制度和軍民融合深度發展改革。 2020年前，在領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革上取得突破性進展，在優化規模結構、完善政策制度、推動軍民融合深度發展等方面改革上取得重要成果，努力構建能夠打贏信息化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，進一步完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度。

《意見》明確了領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制、軍隊規模結構、部隊編成、新型軍事人才培養、政策制度、軍民融合發展、武裝警察部隊指揮管理體制和力量結構、軍事法治體係等方面的主要任務。

《意見》強調，深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性、革命性變革，必須始終在黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的統一領導下，深入貫徹中央軍委改革工作會議精神，堅持把加強教育、統一思想貫穿始終，把強化責任、落細落實貫穿始終，把依法推進、穩扎穩打貫穿始終，把底線思維、管控風險貫穿始終，以堅強有力的組織領導保證各項改革任務圓滿完成。

中央軍委關於深化國防和軍隊改革的意見（全文）

為貫徹落實黨中央、習主席的戰略部署和決策指示，紮實推進深化國防和軍隊改革，提出如下意見。

一、改革的重大意義、指導思想和基本原則

（一）重大意義。深化國防和軍隊改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必由之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委和習主席圍繞實現強軍目標，統籌軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設，統籌軍事力量建設和運用，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，制定新形勢下軍事戰略方針，提出一系列重大方針原則，作出一系列重大決策部署。貫​​徹落實黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的重大戰略謀劃和戰略設計，必須深化國防和軍隊改革，全面實施改革強軍 戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。這是應對當今世界前所未有之大變局，有效維護國家安全的必然要求；是堅持和發展中國特色社會主義，協調推進“四個全面”戰略佈局的必然要求；是貫徹落實強軍目標和軍事戰略方針，履行好軍隊使命任務的必然要求。全軍要充分認清深化國防和軍隊改革的重要性必要性緊迫性，以 高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當堅定不移深化國防和軍隊改革，努力交出黨和人民滿意的答卷。

（二）指導思想。深入貫徹黨的十八大和十八屆三中、四中、五中全會精神，以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀為指導，深入貫徹習主席系列重要講話精神特別是國防和軍隊建設重要論述，按照“四個全面”戰略佈局要求，以黨在新形勢下的強軍目標為引領，貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針，全面實施改革強軍戰略，著力解決制約國防和軍隊發展的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力， 進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，為實現“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢提供堅強力量保證。

（三）基本原則

——堅持正確政治方向。鞏固完善黨對軍隊絶對領導的根本原則和製度，保持人民軍隊的性質和宗旨，發揚我軍的光榮傳統和優良作風，全面落實軍委主席負責制，確保軍隊最高領導權指揮權​​集中於黨中央、中央軍委。

——堅持向打仗聚焦。適應戰爭形態演變和世界軍事發展趨勢，牢固確立戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準，切實解決和克服軍事鬥爭準備重難點問題和戰鬥力建設薄弱環節，構建一體化聯合作戰體系，全面提升我軍能打仗、打勝仗能力。

——堅持創新驅動。貫​​徹科技強軍戰略，充分發揮軍事理論創新、軍事技術創新、軍事組織創新、軍事管理創新的牽引和推動作用，努力實現我軍現代化建設跨越式發展，謀取更大軍事競爭優勢。

——堅持體系設計。科學把握改革舉措的關聯性、耦合性，正確處理頂層設計與分層對接、長期佈局與過渡安排、體制改革與政策配套的關係，使各項改革相互促進、相得益彰，形成總體效應、取得最佳效果。

——堅持法治思維。充分發揮法治對改革的引領和規範作用，做到重大改革於法有據、改革與立法相協調，注重運用法規制度固化改革成果，在法治軌道上推進改革。

——堅持積極穩妥。既解放思想、與時俱進，努力使這次改革成為突破性的改革，又立足現實、蹄疾步穩，把握改革節奏，控制改革風險，走漸進式、開放式的改革路子，確保部隊高度穩定和集中統一。

二、改革的總體目標和主要任務

（一）總體目標。牢牢把握“軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建”的原則，以領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革為重點，協調推進規模結構、政策制度和軍民融合 深度發展改革。 2020年前，在領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革上取得突破性進展，在優化規模結構、完善政策制度、推動軍民融合深度發展等方面改革上取得重要成果，努力構建能夠打贏信息化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，進一步完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度。

按照總體目標要求，2015年，重點組織實施領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革；2016年，組織實施軍隊規模結構和作戰力量體系、院校、武警部隊改革，基本完成階段性改革任務；2017年至2020年，對相關領域改革作進一步調整、優化和完善，持續推進各領域改革。政策制度和軍民融合深度發展改革， 成熟一項推進一項。

（二）領導管理體制。著眼加強軍委集中統一領導，強化軍委機關的戰略謀劃、戰略指揮、戰略管理職能，優化軍委機關職能配置和機構設置，完善軍種和新型作戰力量領導管理體制，形成決策權、執行權、監督權既相互制約又相互協調的運行體系。

從職能定位入手，按照突出核心職能、整合相近職能、加強監督職能、充實協調職能的思路，調整改革軍委機關設置，由總部製調整為多部門制。軍委機關下放代行的軍種建設職能，剝離具體管理職能，調整歸併同類相近職能，減少領導層級，精簡編製員額和直屬單位，使指揮、建設、管理、監督四條鏈路更加清晰，決策、規劃、執行、評估職能配置更加合理。

健全軍種領導管理體制，優化軍種機關職能配置和機構設置，發揮軍種在建設管理和保障中的重要作用。調整改革後勤保障領導管理體制，以現行聯勤保障體製為基 礎，調整優化保障力量配置和領導指揮關係，構建與聯合作戰指揮體制相適應，統分結合、通專兩綫的後勤保障體制。改革裝備發展領導管理體制，構建由軍委裝備部門集中統管、軍種具體建管、戰區聯合運用的體制架構，裝備發展建設實行軍委裝備部門—軍種裝備部門體制，裝備管理保障實行軍委裝備部門—軍種裝備部門— 部隊保障部門體制。加強國防動員系統的統一領導。

（三）聯合作戰指揮體制。適應一體化聯合作戰指揮要求，建立健全軍委、戰區兩級聯合作戰指揮體制，構建平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系。重新調整劃設戰區。

按照聯合作戰、聯合指揮的要求，調整規範軍委聯指、各軍種、戰區聯指和戰區軍種的作戰指揮職能。與聯合作戰指揮體制相適應，完善聯合訓練體制。

（四）軍隊規模結構。堅持走中國特色精兵之路，加快推進軍隊由數量規模型向質量效能型轉變。裁減軍隊現役員額30萬，軍隊規模由230萬逐步減至200 萬。優化軍種比例，減少非戰鬥機構和人員。壓減軍官崗位。優化武器裝備規模結構，減少裝備型號種類，淘汰老舊裝備，發展新型裝備。

（五）部隊編成。依據不同戰略方向安全需求和作戰任務，調整結構、強化功能、優化佈局，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。優化預備役部隊結構，壓減民兵數量，調整力量佈局和編組模式。

（六）新型軍事人才培養。遵循軍事人才培養規律，構建軍隊院校教育、部隊訓練實踐、軍事職業教育三位一體的新型軍事人才培養體系。健全軍委、軍種兩級院校 領導管理體制，完善初、中、高三級培訓體系，調整優化院校規模結構。健全軍事職業教育體系，構建全員全時全域軍事職業教育平台。創新人才培養制度機制，加 強院校與部隊共育人才。

（七）政策制度。適應軍隊職能任務需求和國家政策制度創新，進一步完善軍事人力資源政策制度和後勤政策制度，構建體現軍事職業特點、增強軍人榮譽感自豪感 的政策制度體系。調整軍隊人員分類，逐步建立軍銜主導的等級制度，推進軍官職業化，改革兵役制度、士官制度、文職人員制度。完善退役軍人安置政策和管理機 構。深化經費管理、物資採購、工程建設和軍人工資、住房、醫療、保險等製度改革。全面停止軍隊開展對外有償服務。

（八）軍民融合發展。著眼形成全要素、多領域、高效益的軍民融合深度發展格局，構建統一領導、軍地協調、順暢高效的組織管理體系，國家主導、需求牽引、市場運作相統一的工作運行體系，系統完備、銜接配套、有效激勵的政策制度體系。分類推進相關領域改革，健全軍民融合發展法規制度和創新發展機制。

（九）武裝警察部隊指揮管理體制和力量結構。加強中央軍委對武裝力量的集中統一領導，調整武警部隊指揮管理體制，優化力量結構和部隊編成。

（十）軍事法治體系。全面貫徹依法治軍、從嚴治軍方針，改進治軍方式，實現從單純依靠行政命令的做法向依法行政的根本性轉變，從單純靠習慣和經驗開展工作的方式向依靠法規和製度開展工作的根本性轉變，從突擊式、運動式抓工作的方式向按條令條例辦事的根本性轉變。健全軍事法規制度體系和軍事法律顧問制度，改革軍事司法體制機制，創新紀檢監察體制和巡視制度，完善審計體制機制，改進軍事法律人才管理制度，建立健全組織法制和程序規則，全面提高國防和軍隊建設法治化水平。

三、改革的組織領導

深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性、革命性變革，推進力度之大、觸及利益之深、影響範圍之廣前所未有，必須始終在黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的統一領導下，深入貫徹中央軍委改革工作會議精神，堅持把加強教育、統一思想貫穿始終，把強化責任、落細落實貫穿始終，把依法推進、穩扎穩打貫穿始終，把底線思維、管控風險貫穿始終，以堅強有力的組織領導保證各項改革任務圓滿完成。

（一）強化各級責任擔當。各級黨委要把抓改革舉措落地作為重要政治責任，提高領導改革的能力，充分發揮核心領導作用，主要領導要當好第一責任人。要把調查 研究貫穿改革實施全過程，深化對重大理論和實踐問題研究，及時發現和解決新情況新問題。要建立健全改革評估和督查機制，加強對改革落實情況的督導檢查。各 級各部門各改革機構要密切配合、形成合力，軍委指導工作組要深入調整組建單位，加強跟蹤指導、具體指導、全程指導，軍委巡視組同步展開巡視工作。軍委改革 和編製辦公室要完善相關機制，發揮好統籌、協調、督促、推動作用。四總部既要做好自身調整改革，又要指導好全軍改革。新的軍委機關部門成立後，要抓緊完善 運行機制，盡快進入角色、履行職責。新調整組建的單位要及時建立健全黨組織，加強對改革實施工作的組織領導。各善後工作機構要負起責任，妥善處理各類遺留 問題。

（二）加強思想政治工作。組織全軍官兵深入學習習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列重要論述，組織抓好專題教育，深入進行思想發動，把全軍的思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席決策部署上來。高層領率機關和高級幹部首先要統一認識，帶頭講政治、顧大局、守紀律、促改革、盡職責，以上率下，為全軍做好 樣子。把思想政治工作貫穿改革全過程，關注各級思想動態，有針對性地做工作，引導各級強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識，引導官兵轉變理念、更新觀念，自覺站在全局高度認識改革，在解放思想中統一思想，正確對待利益調整，積極擁護、支持、參與改革。高度重視輿論引導特別是網上輿論工作，打好主動仗，傳播正 能量，為推進改革營造良好輿論氛圍。

（三）紮實搞好幹部調整安置。把推進改革的過程作為加強幹部隊伍建設的過程，貫徹軍隊好幹部標準，樹立正確用人導向，堅持五湖四海、任人唯賢，堅持德才兼備、以德為先，搞好領導班子調整配備，選準用好幹部，把堅定貫徹強軍目標、積極謀劃改革、堅決支持改革、勇於投身改​​革的好幹部用起來。把妥善安置同保留骨 幹、改善結構結合起來，科學制定幹部調整安置計劃方案，合理確定幹部進退去留，關心和解決幹部實際困難。廣大幹部要把推進改革作為展示才能的最好舞台，在 改革中經受鍛煉和考驗，爭做改革的促進派和實幹家。老乾部是黨和軍隊的寶貴財富，要精心做好老乾部服務保障接續工作。

（四）嚴密組織轉隸交接。認真搞好人員、物資、經費等交接工作，確保新舊體制轉換期間人員不失控，資産不流失，各項工作無縫銜接。嚴格軍用土地、營房管 理，抓好營區營房設施調整交接，做好在建工程善後工作。全面核實經費物資底數。跟進組織供應保障，及時解決供應中遇到的各種矛盾和問題，確保不斷供、不漏 供。紮實做好武器裝備清點移交，周密組織裝備調配保障，嚴格落實裝備管理各項規定。

（五）嚴格執行各項紀律規定。越是改革的關鍵時刻，越要把紀律和規矩挺在前面，嚴格政治紀律、組織紀律、人事紀律、財經紀律、群眾紀律、保密紀律。嚴守政 治紀律和政治規矩，堅決反對政治上組織上行動上的自由主義。嚴肅組織人事紀律，堅持按原則按政策按規矩按程序辦事。妥善處理軍地現實矛盾和歷史遺留問題。紀檢、巡視、審計部門要加強執紀監督，嚴肅查處調整改革期間各類違規違紀問題。

（六）統籌抓好部隊戰備訓練管理。密切關注改革期間國家安全和社會穩定，制定完善應對重大突發情況預案，嚴格落實戰備工作制度規定，保持各級戰備值班體系 高效運行，確保一旦有事能夠及時有效應對。周密籌劃組織年度軍事訓練任務。加強部隊管理，落實安全責任，及時發現和解決苗頭性、傾向性問題，防止發生重大 事故和案件，保持部隊安全穩定和集中統一。

Original Source: XinHua Military News

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China Internet Soverignty, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

China Military Theater System Reform Era of Information Warfare //中國軍事戰區制改革信息化戰爭時代中國軍隊應對新安全形勢的重大保障

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China Military Theater System Reform Era of Information Warfare 

中國軍事戰區制改革信息化戰爭時代中國軍隊應對新安全形勢的重大保障

習近平中國軍事改革

習近平中國軍事改革

February 1, the PLA theater inaugural meeting held in Beijing. CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Xi Jinping granted flag to the theater and five issued a bull. Theater set up joint operations command structure, the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission in accordance with domestic major strategic decision, made ​​by the international situation changes, China will further promote the reform process in military forces, and greatly enhance the combat capability of the PLA.

Substantive reform: the military establishment system to adapt to new forms of information warfare needs

Military technology, military and military establishment system are the three basic elements of the new military revolution. Mankind has experienced a long weapon cold and hot steel age after the war and military technical thinking in the era of rapid development of mechanized warfare. The late 1970s, the Soviet Chief of Staff, Marshal of the Soviet Ogarkov Given the rapid development of military technology, forward-looking put forward the idea of ​​military technological revolution, which started a new military revolution sweeping the globe; 1997 , the US military put forward the “network-centric warfare” concepts, theories began to appear new military revolution prototype – each a full revolution in military affairs, the military establishment were to promote institutional change by a large development of military technology and weaponry – it by military personnel and weaponry so that the army can be effectively combined to form an overall combat power key.

In 1998, China put forward the “information warfare” concept, explicitly stated that mankind is the fourth military revolution of information technology revolution in military affairs, marking the technical form of human warfare into the information age warfare from mechanized war era. Against this background, the PLA is to follow the above rules, after weapons and equipment technology has made rapid progress, the military regime began vigorously to prepare a series of reforms: December 31, 2015, the armed services mechanism reform is completed, set up a new army, rocket forces, strategic support of three services – army, navy and air force combined with the previous, form a pattern of five armed services; January 11, 2016, to complete the formation of organs of the Central military Commission departments, from the previous four general headquarters, JMC became 15 functional departments; February 1, 2016, five theater adjustment is completed, the previous seven military regions, adjusted to five theater.

The main reason: “military” system become shackles China Military Revolution and the development of military

Original seven military system schematic

Original seven military system schematic

From the founding of the early century, by the comprehensive national strength and defense spending restrictions, military equipment levels remained low, failed to achieve the goal of complete mechanization construction; and, when low domestic railway, highway construction level, under difficult conditions in a nuclear war support large formation in the territory of strategic mobility. By the above two limitations, only the army at the time of partition of defense, so that each major military all have independent ability to respond to a threat of strategic direction.

Nearly 15 years, accumulated through investment in national defense and army reform, China’s transport network has been done, “accessible”, the level of military equipment have been greatly improved – Preliminary mechanization and mobility of fighting units sharply higher, with the from “area defensive shift basis “to” trans-regional mobility. “After greatly improved mobility, combat troops in wartime may implement in different zones under the command of, and therefore no longer need to implement the military management by a specific military.

Also, in the “military” system, military and navy and air force the same level, but also under the jurisdiction of the military air force, and even the fleet, in fact, is the embodiment of “Continental Army” thought, there are some drawbacks: military orders, regardless of military inefficient. This system has become the shackles of China Military Revolution and the development of the armed forces, can not effectively respond to security threats or China is likely to face.

Perimeter security situation and the international situation changes, “theater” made a timely decision.

Theater, from a geographic dimension in terms of a multi-dimensional space, including a broad front, greater depth and possible operational target, it is mainly based on strategic and operational tasks delineated strategic and operational activities of the regional corps with the leadership and command bodies, forces have on the area command, the command level is between the high command and strategic battle between the Legion.The main basis for division of the theater, including changes in the international pattern of perimeter security situation, military strategy, political, economic, military status and geographical characteristics of the country, and many other aspects.

Since the reform and opening up, China’s economic construction has made remarkable achievements in comprehensive national strength rising rapidly driven by changes in national strategy occurred; the Soviet Union, China land border security threat disappeared, and security threats from maritime direction is upward trend, originally established military regime on the basis of the Continental Army can not adapt to the new international situation and the security situation in neighboring China, thereby theater system came into being. In the People’s Liberation Army is divided into five theater, theater should correspond to the east of Japan and the East China Sea direction, corresponding to the western Central Asia and India theater direction, mainly the southern theater direction corresponding to the South China Sea, the northern war zone corresponds to the direction of Russia and Mongolia, as the central theater centered coordinate strategic reserve corps.

Officers appointed theater: Theater five display a mission and future trends

Five theater and officers appointed

Five theater and officers appointed

Officers from the theater can be seen in the appointment of some common: theater five ten military officers are “50,” so relatively young; most of them have experience working at the grassroots level, the so-called “starting in Reggie died five”, which two military officers have battlefield experience; most have received training integrated joint operations command. This shows the five main tasks entrusted to the theater and future trends:

First, combat and theater become the main task is to deter. Eastern theater commanderLiu PLA and western theater commander Zhao Zongqi are returning heroes from the battlefield, with actual combat experience, which is a valuable asset, but also the implementation of the “Military Commission to total, theater battle, armed services main building” in the implementation of the “theater of battle “organizational guarantee.

Second, the integrated joint operations will be the main model for future combat theater. The so-called “integrated joint operations” around unified combat purposes to the combat units, combat elements of highly integrated combat system as the main body, give full play to the overall combat effectiveness, in a multidimensional space combat or fight against the enemy’s fighting style. And the appointment of military officers have a theater at the National Defense University and other institutions of military education integrated joint operations experience.

Third, the theater system will be in constant development and improvement. The theater is a relatively young officers will and individual will, visionary, to accept new things, strong ability; In addition, the relatively young military officers also means working for a long time, can ensure coherence of policy implementation.

With the deepening of Chinese People’s Liberation Army to change the implementation of the system, this massive military force after the founding of foreign unbeaten mighty will rapidly improve combat effectiveness. This not only has a positive significance for peace and stability in the region and the world, but also for the new military revolution on a global scale provides a theoretical and practical aspects of the double “template.”

Original Mandarin Chinese:

习近平向五大战区授予军旗

习近平向五大战区授予军旗

2月1日，中国人民解放军战区成立大会在北京举行。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平向五大战区授予军旗并发布训令。组建战区联合作战指挥机构，是党中央和中央军委根据国内、国际形势变化做出的重大战略决策，将进一步推动中国部队军事改革进程，并大大提升中国人民解放军的作战能力。

改革实质：使军队编制体制适应信息化战争形态新需要

军事技术、军事力量和军队编制体制是新军事革命的三个基本要素。人类经历了漫长的冷兵器和热兵器时代之后，战争技术与军事思想在机械化战争时代迅猛发展。20世纪70年代末，苏军总参谋长、苏联元帅奥加尔科夫鉴于军事技术的飞速发展，富有前瞻性的提出了军事技术革命的设想，由此展开一场席卷全球的新军事革命；1997年，美军提出“网络中心战”概念，新军事革命的理论开始出现雏形——在每一场全面的军事革命中，均是由军事技术和武器装备的大发展推动军队编制体制变革——它是通过保证军队人员和武器装备有效结合从而使军队能够形成整体作战力量的关键。

1998年，中国提出“信息战”概念，直接指出人类第四次军事革命就是信息化的军事革命，标志着人类战争的技术形态从机械化战争时代迈向信息化战争时代。在此种背景下，中国人民解放军正是遵循着上述规律，在武器装备技术水平得到长足发展后，开始着手大力对军事体制编制进行一系列改革：2015年12月31日，军种改革机制完成，新组建了陆军、火箭军、战略支援部队三个军种，加上此前的海军和空军，形成5个军种的格局；2016年1月11日，军委机关各部门组建完成，从以前的四总部，变成了15个军委职能部门；2016年2月1日，五大战区调整完毕，以前的七大军区，调整为五大战区。

主要原因：“军区”制成为中国军事革命与军队发展的桎梏

原有七大军区制示意图

原有七大军区制示意图

从建国初到上世纪末，受综合国力和国防投入限制，我军装备水平始终较低，未能实现完成机械化建设的目标；并且，当时国内铁路、公路建设水平较低，难以在核战争条件下支持大兵团在境内实施战略机动。受以上两点限制，我军在当时只能进行分区防御，使每个大军区都具备独立应对一个战略方向威胁的能力。

近15年以来，通过国防投入积累和军队体制改革，我国交通网络已经做到“四通八达”，我军装备水平已经得到大幅改善——初步实现机械化，部队机动作战能力大幅高，具备了从“区域防卫型”向“全域机动型”转变的基础。在机动性大大提高之后，部队在战时可能在不同区指挥下实施作战，因此就不再需要由特定的军区实施军政管理。

并且，在“军区”制度下，军区与海空军平级，又下辖军区空军，甚至是舰队，实际上是“大陆军”思想的体现，存在一定弊端：军政军令不分导致效率低下。这种体制已经成为中国军事革命与军队发展的桎梏，不能有效应对中国正在或可能面临的安全威胁。

国际格局和周边安全形势发生变化，“战区”制应时而生

战区，从地理层面来讲是一个多维空间，包括宽阔的正面、较大的纵深和可能的作战对象，它主要是根据战略战役任务而划定的战略战役军团活动区域，设有领导指挥机构，拥有对辖区部队的指挥权，是介于统帅部与战略战役军团之间的指挥层次。划分战区的主要依据包括国际格局的变化，周边安全形势，国家的军事战略，政治、经济、军事力量状况和地理环境特征等诸多方面。

改革开放以来，我国经济建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，综合国力迅速攀升带动国家战略发生变化；苏联解体后，中国陆地边境安全威胁基本消失，而来自海洋方向的安全威胁则呈上升趋势，原先建立在大陆军基础上的军区制度已经不能适应新的国际格局和中国周边安全形势，由此，战区制度应运而生。在此次解放军划分的五大战区之中，东部战区应该对应日本和东海方向，西部战区对应中亚和印度方向，南部战区则主要对应南海方向，北部战区则对应俄罗斯和蒙古方向，中部战区则作为战略预备总队居中策应。

战区主官任命：显示五大战区肩负使命与未来发展趋势

五大战区及主官任命

五大战区及主官任命

从此次任命的各战区主官中可以看到一些共性：五大战区的十位军政主官都是“50后”，相对年轻；大多有在基层任职经历，所谓“猛将起于卒伍”，其中有两位军事主官具有战场经历；大多接受过一体化联合作战的指挥训练。由此可见五大战区肩负的主要任务与未来发展趋势：

第一，作战和是威慑成为战区主要任务。东部战区司令员刘粤军和西部战区司令员赵宗岐都是从战场凯旋的英雄，具有实战经验，这是宝贵的财富，也是落实“军委管总、战区主战、军种主建”中落实“战区主战”的组织保证。

第二，一体化联合作战将成为未来战区的主要作战模式。所谓“一体化联合作战“，是围绕统一的作战目的，以各作战单元、作战要素高度融合的作战体系为主体，充分发挥整体作战效能，在多维作战空间打击或抗击敌方的作战样式。而此次任命的战区军事主官都有在国防大学等军事院校进修一体化联合作战的经历。

第三，战区制度还将处于不断的发展和完善中。此次战区主官都是相对年轻的上将和个别中将，思维开阔、接受新事物能力强；另外，军政主官相对年轻也意味着任职时间长，可以保证政策实施的连贯性。

随着中国人民解放军军改制度的不断深入实施，这支建国后对外大规模用兵保持全胜的威武之师将会快速提高战斗力。这不仅对于地区及世界的和平与稳定具有积极意义，也为全球范围内的新军事革命提供了理论与实践方面的双重“范本”。

Original Source: China MOD

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

Chinese Military Informatization Construction & Development Process // 中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程

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Chinese Military Informatization Construction & Development Process 

中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程

部队信息化系统-国德建设

中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程

For Chinese military informatization construction and development process, these unusual phenomena:

The convening of the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, the General Staff was not always an information technology research institute mountain dew, surprising to get a national scientific and technological progress, become the focus of the conference ……

Since last year, the army accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness model to improve the combat capability based information systems, has taken unprecedented steps ──

Northwest desert, the Air Force Military Air Force organize multiple consecutive number-field conditions at the combat maneuvers in high-performance logistics information system, the formation of a powerful strike capability.

Yellow Sea, the North Sea Fleet led joint exercises Army, Navy, Air Force and Second Artillery Force participation, navy and air-ground early warning radar network integration, surface ships and anti-air fighter pilot together, missiles and submarines Phangan firearms against contract .

At the same time, the military regions, the Second Artillery Force have also organized to improve the combat capability based information system for the goal of joint combat exercises ……

Some may be difficult to link these phenomena together, but military experts familiar with the matter knows: It is a breakthrough in the matter of the army information construction of some key global challenges, open up to accelerate the transformation of the mode of generating combat army ” Renduermo. ” This historic turning point, that is, information from the General Staff of the Institute for a joint military and civilian units of hundreds of thousands of scientists face the challenge, hard research made numerous fruits. Since only “fifteen”, the Institute will include a complete integrated command information system, tactical

200 number of important results such as the Internet, access to a national scientific and technological progress awards, three first prize, second prize 8, 54 military scientific and technological progress award for accelerating the transformation of the army burgeoning mode of generating combat upsurge It provides a strong boost. Heads of the Central Military Commission praised them as the vanguard of the army research front, information technology pioneer!

In the army information construction most need someone to stand up when it is equal to hesitate hesitate cold feet. Face the challenges of future wars, we have no right to say not ready —

“Goad” shock out a piece of paper “military order”

This is an important meeting on army construction and development of information technology, which is a certain integrated command information system project chief engineer, former director Wang Jianxin most unforgettable scene.

Beijing spring of that year, the sun was shining. Just defeated “SARS” Chinese people smile stretch to live in peace, and the Chinese military’s heart, but he is not easy ──

Just a year ago, the Iraq war started, the US military whistling “Tomahawk” missiles pierced the sky in the new century of peace and tranquility. Based on high-performance network-centric warfare command information systems, showing new information warfare style ── information war from the laboratory onto the stage of human warfare.

Before being able to fight the war ended. The rapid development of military reform, a strong impact on the survival and to bring peace and challenges, but also to our military struggle preparation task even more urgent.

By this time, our military information construction has suffered difficulties: the army’s troops, although a lot of built command and information systems, but the larger institutional differences between these systems, interoperability is difficult, restricting the ability to improve our military information warfare.

To achieve “building computerized armed forces and winning the information war,” the strategic goal to come up with effective measures to solve practical problems of our military presence in information technology, according to the head of the Central Military Commission instructions, held at the headquarters of the combat troops comprehensive integration of information technology seminar.

部队信息化系统-国德建设

People are anxious: the meeting has been open for two days, appeared to be the end of Understanding more, talk less approach, and sometimes into the tangle. Chair of the headquarters-led sit still, convened an emergency officer: “so many problems, but we could not get a way, there would not care either weight, simply tell our enemies that we are not ready, a war? Wait?”

“In the military information technology is most needed someone to stand up when it is equal to hesitate hesitate chickened face challenges of information war, we have no right to say not ready!” After listening to headquarters-led criticism Zhefan half and half “dare”, then when Wang Jianxin, director-blood straight forehead: “heads, I recommend a project to develop an integrated command information system as soon as possible.”

Wang Jianxin proposal is certainly not a passing fad. When the world changes in the surging tide of the military, he led the researchers to track real-time, in-depth research to find countermeasures, see the scenes deeply hurt him ──

Participate in exercises of the army, the head of the field in front of the headquarters of the command of all military branches placed a dozen different command terminal system. Force exercises, field command post two command vehicles but not close Unicom, staff officers can only braved the pouring rain to stand outside the car, umbrella propaganda to pass information to each other.

Information technology is the soul of “Fabric capability.” “Village ignition, household smoke,” How can mean clenched into a fist?

As a research institute, to courageously pioneer information technology.Facing the challenges of the times, Wang Jianxin and his research team has already launched a pre-integrated command information system, the development of related software, and even tried in individual exercises.

From that day, leaving them for only 40 days.

Military no joke. Wang Jianxin and lead the struggle of the people day and night, relying on the existing common software, load the temporary transformation of Arms Command messaging software, the fastest to build a simple simulation system, scheduled for the Central Military Commission, the headquarters of the army leadership and senior commanders were three games in a row demo.

First end of the presentation, the scene silence. Shortly after, the head of the headquarters slowly stood up: “This is the prototype of the future integrated command information system in the right direction, ideas and feasible!”

In this regard, the development of an integrated command information system officially approved. Wang Jianxin, representing the whole of the researchers set a “military order”: time node, the timely completion of development tasks!

Thus, only the beginning of the scene: the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, Wang Jianxin as a chief engineer and project representatives, by the party and state leaders cordially received.

Lessons “bombs and one satellite” successful experience, to carry out military and civilian research collaboration to fully mobilize all forces and resources on doing big things, play a game of information construction congress battle —

Take the road with Chinese characteristics and create a miracle latecomer

An order!

That year, the institute researchers to fully weigh the crushing weight of these four words.

New Year’s bell had just struck, two official documents issued at the same time it posthaste: one was hosted by the Institute developed an integrated command information system; another is also an important research project hosted by their research.

Two projects, each of which is winning the information war relations overall are major innovation projects. Complete a separate no easy task, not to mention two projects rolled into one. This allows both up and down the whole feel honored, but also feel unprecedented pressure.

However, duty-bound. You can only forge ahead, no turning back. The Party scientific deployment forces, forces were divided into mouth. When Wang Jianxin as a director-integrated command information system chief engineer, deputy director Yin Hao as the other information systems chief engineer.

Determination difficult, the more difficult road to go. When the research really opened the curtain, threw himself into research, they found the complex and difficult challenge, unspeakable. To develop an integrated command information system, for example, when all military branches have been built all kinds of command information systems have hundreds, thousands more related software.

In the past, they have tried to help an army division engaged in comprehensive integration of information systems, centralized crack hard work half a year before shaping. At this rate, integrated command information system to drag these years to build?

Foreign experience shows that the development of large-scale information systems with high investment, high risk and low success rate characteristics, and construction costs are often substantial period than expected.

How to get rid of this curse? How this mess in the group clarify ideas, scientific and efficient way to find innovation? Party decisions in-depth research, listen to opinions from all parties based on the completion of this major information technology projects, can not copy foreign experience, you must break a large-scale information system with Chinese characteristics developed road.

── Information Integration. Make full use of information technology has been the outcome of troops, not to engage reinvent the wheel, reinvent the wheel, through a unified technical standards and the development of a common software for comprehensive integration. Their army has a variety of command and information systems technology research, software model to build thousands of repeated technical tests, more than 8.5 million words written out feasibility reports, thousands of software will integrate the army into three categories 1700 More than a software component, integrated command post transformed into a typical information system, cross military services, cross-business, cross the comprehensive integration.

── integration of military and civilian research. Lessons “bombs and one satellite” successful experience, to carry out a large collaborative research outside the military, concentrating power. In the headquarters of a unified leadership and strong support, their combined more than 300 military and civilian research institutes, more than 8,000 scientific research personnel integrated command information system research team to carry out joint research.In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research play parties, they proposed “system we build, to build a unified basis, their application to build” collaborative research ideas, pay attention to the wisdom of relying on the team to crack research problems.

── innovative research model. Innovative research and development group model, organizational group of military experts, technical experts, test force three teams simultaneously entering participate in research. Military experts mention needs technical experts engaged in research, test force to verify, identify problems and make improvements, while research and reform in scientific research like the beginning, being kind, setting three stages alike.

Thinking of a change world wide. An outcomes come out on schedule, took home one award after another. Practice has fully proved, based on the actual break our military information construction of this unique research and development path to shorten the maximum period of scientific research, improve research efficiency, to create a miracle after the hair plays an important role.

Like war, like the need to engage in scientific research is not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, indomitable commandos, we are to use this information for the military spirit blaze a new trail construction —

Adhere to the spirit of the Highlands to climb the peak technology

Full year convened That people passionate research mobilization meeting, many speakers we all remember, only when the founding director Wang Jianxin, said the sentence still echo in everyone ear: “engage in scientific research as war need not afraid difficulties and obstacles, indomitable commandos, we need this spirit is for the military information technology to blaze a new trail! ”

You can never erase the memory, because it is deep in the heart ──

That year, an integrated command information system complete prototype development, ushered in the first big test: the headquarters of the organization associated test drills. Early all goes well, it’s when we secretly delight in the core database server system suddenly can not start.

Lunch in the cold days, drill off frosty, indoor tension has reached boiling point. Some commanders and staff officers participating are red eyes, researchers responsible for troubleshooting is sweating, anxiety.

Although failure ruled out, but the exercise was interrupted for half an hour.

“If this scene took place in wartime, will have what dire consequences!” Although the head of the General Staff encourage everyone to put down the burden of traveling light, but Wang Jianxin and researchers know that such systems must not be on the battlefield!

To this end, they began their own “hard hand”: all systems must meet the reliability, all data must be stored on backup, all aspects need to develop contingency plans for the whole process and all elements of the system test.

In those days, each test is full full participation of thousands of software each test cycle, we must work day and night 7 days and 7 nights. Everyone eating instant noodles hungry, thirsty to drink mineral water, sleepy lying in a chair.

There are memorable old expert Dr. Luo Jiangyi starry night for risk. It was a time when information systems joint trial is about to begin, suddenly found an army command information system failure. If not timely troubleshooting, joint trial would be postponed, security testing and commissioning of ten thousand soldiers and equipment will regroup numerous deployments, military leaders and related personnel recite.

3:00, is the director of the Department of Luo Qiang after a busy that situation, the director refused to apply to the Ministry of the vehicle, rushed stopped a taxi on the dark streets, straight over 200 kilometers outside the command post, has been working to 9:00, solve problems and then non-stop back to directing department, continue to participate in joint trial exercise.

Afterwards, a leading training ground said with deep feeling: “This Institute researchers has been able to research a critical moment on the dash, hold up, was under attack, the key is promising army information construction indomitable, selfless dedication pillar. ”

Adhere to the spirit of the Highlands, in order to climb the heights of science. Wang Jianxin father was the army’s telecommunications industry pioneer ── Wang Zheng. War years by his father inherited that spirit, huh research to life, is commonly known as “Tie person.”

Tactical Internet division of the total in the whole, an information systems division vice president Luo Qiang many first-class research backbone, have experience studying abroad, but they are not favorable for foreign material temptations treatment, insist on returning to their careers.

It is this spirit inspired everyone, so, sacrifice commando war years, fear of fatigue, courageously break ──

An integrated command information systems division vice president Cao Jiang for several days and nights of continuous fighting to overcome the difficulties without a break, actually tired late at night on his way home against a tree and fell asleep, woke up until the big rain-fed.

It Zhidong young scientists, for the command and information systems need to adapt to high altitude operations, seven on the snow-covered plateau, overcome severe altitude sickness, collect relevant data, commissioning and installation systems, quality engineering system acceptance by the parent organizations.

Tang Hong, director of a center for the early completion of border command and information system development, and his comrades lianzhouzhuan day and night, working is more than 40 days, collapsed of a heart attack in the field of research. The doctor asked him to be hospitalized, but he took the oral drug in the back, and continue to work overtime until the task is completed.

An information systems division vice president Chen Qiang, the child was born 10 days, he rushed to the field to participate in scientific research work.Years, he rarely home conquests war, like the system from the beginning, being kind to stereotypes, to achieve results, the children have grown up ……

Core technology can not be bought, bought there are risks; mere imitation is not far away, Zhaomaohuahu only produce short-term benefits; rely on the introduction unreliable, dependent on people must be controlled by others —

Independent innovation as information technology basis points

A few years ago, when several major information technology research progressed, one must answer the question put in the front: point where scientific work?

A debate about how to build information systems around the first core part ── “software component” broke out. To reduce the development difficulty, to avoid the risk of the development, it was a standard move member countries, and called for the preparation as such.

Liu Hong, director of a center firmly opposed: “The core software technology, information related to the construction of the foundation of our military problem, we must now independent innovation ‘Zhaomaohuahu’ petty advantages, the future will suffer a great deal on the battlefield..”

Debate the truth. Liu Hung finally persuaded related cooperative units using innovation program, although several times to spend the effort, but it is essential for safe and reliable battlefield.

Debate, has aroused great concern of the Party: In recent years, around the major research projects, the researchers collected a lot of foreign technical information, how to use? It is not copy, or selective absorption?

Security is an integrated command information system “lifeline”, it is also the highest part of the innovation requirements. Young chief engineer Yang led his research team to develop inventive security system. Unexpectedly, a drill, a new virus has led to the chain of command all but paralyzed.

Since that safe, reliable, foolproof protection system was breached. Face the harsh reality, Yanglin they realize there is no innovation in scientific research, once on the battlefield, it is likely to occur “as also Xiao Xiao loser”!

By “stimulus” Yang Lin they followed through completely independent innovation, to create a “safe line of defense in depth”, and the headquarters of the organization in network of high-intensity offensive and defensive drills, and withstood the test.

Profound lesson, so that the party committee set determined: the core technology can not be bought, bought there are risks; simple imitation go far produced only short-term benefits rather than beyond capacity; rely on the introduction unreliable, dependent on people must be controlled by others.Guarantee winning strategic basis must be placed on innovation!

Vision to reach places, the pace to reach. This year, the early development of an information system, due to the electromagnetic information computational complexity, resulting in the battlefield situation map with the actual situation is not synchronized. If this difficulty is not a breakthrough, it may lead to wartime command to make wrong judgments and decisions. To break through this difficulty, a total of 17 members crowded group division in the lab for three days and three nights of research, testing hundreds of times, but never resolved.

Just when everyone was unable to do anything, has been meditating division vice president Cao Jiang suddenly stood up and asked:. “We change in thinking, not the traditional method, use the new algorithm,” everyone shines. Along the way, they not only look to solve the problem, but also to create new ideas developed by our military information systems.

It is even more gratifying that, by insisting on the scientific point of independent innovation, the past few years, this institute by the completion of major scientific research projects, gave birth to a large number of technological achievements with independent intellectual property rights. Only certain innovations integrated command information system generated by the project, it obtained a national scientific and technological progress awards, 22 military scientific and technological progress award, for winning future wars cast a sword.

Information system development is not a “turnkey” project, not once and for all, must follow the military change as demand increases, to achieve “one-year version of a three-year upgrade” —

Fighting services for the military research is the eternal mission

The research work on this history, this may be a unique exception ──

The end of November last year, Liu Hong, director of a center suddenly apply to the General Staff Operations Leadership: Please let me into combat duty on duty!

It turned out that two days ago, Liu Hung learned combat duty in some applications to operate is not easy, but the problem is they can not tell the user. Thus, the application of the special red Liu on duty. Upon approval, she walked into the duty room, find out the software design problems, led the researchers improved.

Research in respect of military service as a combat! Liu Hong won the headquarters-led approach of praise, but the familiar people know, this kind of thing at the Institute abound.

In recent years, some of the developed information systems, have been identified through the stereotypes, with the troops.

But they did not see this as a “turnkey” project, but keeping up with the changing needs of military struggle and technical progress, in accordance with the “one-year version, an upgrade for three years,” the idea, scroll improve and perfect outcomes, and enable improved information systems to keep up with the pace of military reform.

This year, in the promotion of an integrated command information system applications, business director Liu Dongbo found on the system of Artillery situation plotting is too simple and can not accurately display the cluster and related impacts range firepower for combat possible bias .

However, Cheng research unit has felt, due to lack of relevant data and model support, and sometimes difficult to improve. “Fighting for the service is the eternal mission of scientific research, but also solve another big problem.” 刘东波 difficulties and his comrades, the front line to collect data, repeated studies calculus, successfully designed three-dimensional, dynamic, multi-cluster artillery fire hit model , the problem is completely resolved.

According to statistics, only one direction of the theater, the researchers in the application, the size of the find and solve 275 problems and ensure an integrated information system for safe operation.

Deputy director of a center to promote the application of forces to the east in the next bud Tactical Internet, found a strange phenomenon: the equipment in good laboratory performance, when the exercise application, performance is often compromised, repeated analysis also found “root cause.”

East Lei went down to the communications company, together with the soldiers live, train together, and finally reveal the answer: some soldiers to improve maintenance of the new equipment, often after Cawan gun, pulled a gun oil to a new type of radio antenna also rub. The gun oil has an insulating effect, oiled antenna resistance increases, performance naturally weakened.

Thereafter, promote the use of Tactical Internet a few years time, east Lei troops under 20 times, the longest up to 3 months, has found nearly 16 aspects of a problem, and through timely improvement, so that research results fast Xian parade ground.

Only research and operational needs docking, vitality. In this institute, each regarded researchers from the voice forces deemed to promote research and development of the power of each of them reflect the views, the small nor ignored.

Once a theater communication department heads to Beijing act casually about some integrated command information system when displaying the battlefield situation, to show both the macro war on the same screen, and show the specific local situation is even more easy to use.

Speaker has no intention, the listener interested. The presence of a central leadership keenly felt this proposal, to enhance the service function of great value. Immediately, they assigned director Ning early-depth special investigations unit found: needs of the troops involved in many complex technical issues.

“As long as the operational command needs, hard to have to change.” First research tasks at hand rather put down, two local organizations Institute research staff, worked for six months in a row, and finally overcome the difficulties.

End of the year, the head of the theater authorities to apply the new situation display system, successfully organized troops cross maneuvers. To this end, they wrote a special letter of thanks to the headquarters.

Who is the first to occupy the commanding heights of the new technology will come in the future a little more chance of winning the war; who can look into the future direction of development, will have more chips in tomorrow’s game —

Change the world to catch up with the forefront of the military, we are still on the road

Solemn National Science and Technology Awards Conference held night, some information in the General Staff of the Institute hospital scene was emerging, a lot of people quite surprised:

Baitian Gang leaders just took over the award certificate hero who, calm face at night, walking hurriedly went into the research building, open the computer to carry out scientific and technological activities.

Although this day, we are very happy, but did not imagine the kind of people celebrating carnival, toast singing ……

In recent years, faced with fruitful results, the institute every soldiers always maintained an unusual calm:. “Our results compared with the development of military changes in the world, still walking on the road to catch up with neither have a shred of satisfaction, but can not have a shred of slack! ”

Words are the voice. After several important research setting, a research center director who was known as “arraigned” activities, then the whole of the expansion: according to the requirements of the Party Committee, director of the Center dozen turns on stage, mutatis mutandis, the world’s military development representation, find the problem allowed, ideas disarray, who can not “step down.”

Tang Hong, director of a center, focusing on the world’s new technological revolution, about 18 research projects presented. Unexpectedly, in its subsequent “arraigned” in no clearance because: some issues too frontier, some topics are too partial, and some issues too, some topics which makes the lack of maneuverability …… Tang Hong difficult “to step down.”

Management ideas, to find the starting point, to seek long-term. He led Tiaofenlvxi help him sort out, he finally put things into focus key issues, the six directions of information technology and other border and coastal defense.Today, there are six major research breakthrough. Wherein the direction of things declared three sub-topics of major national science and technology projects, border and coastal defense information technology has also been research project.

It is a field that special “arraigned” as they stride into the eternal power that often ranging from scientific research tasks at hand the dust settles, some key research direction has been quietly, struggling to seize the new high ground ─ ─

Just as a center took home dozens of major awards, like a “magician” new technology laboratory studio, created the first in the army, it may be applied to an item magical new technology experiment for the future, here quietly expand.

At the same time, the Institute has 11 research institutions in the United Nations on 34 kinds of products to carry out independent information integration experiment. These budding scientific research, is becoming a new means to meet future challenges.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

對於中國軍隊信息化建設發展進程來說，這些現像不同尋常：
國家召開科學技術獎勵大會，向來不顯山不露水的總參某信息化研究所，出人意料獲得1項國家科技進步特等獎，成為此次大會焦點……
去年以來，我軍加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式、提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力，邁出前所未有步伐──
西北大漠，空軍組織多個軍區空軍部隊連續進行數場信息化條件下體係作戰對抗演習，在高效能信息系統運籌下，形成強大的打擊能力。
黃海之濱，北海艦隊牽頭，陸軍、海軍、空軍和第二砲兵部隊參加的聯合演練，海軍預警與陸空雷達融合組網，水面艦艇與空中戰機聯手抗導，潛艇導彈與岸島火器合同打擊。
與此同時，各大軍區、第二砲兵也相繼組織了以提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力為目標的聯合作戰演練……

中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程

也許有人很難把這些現象聯繫在一起，但通曉內情的軍事專家深知：正是在事關我軍信息化建設全局的一些關鍵性難題取得突破，打通了加快轉變我軍戰鬥力生成模式的“任督二脈”。這個歷史性的轉折，就是來自總參某信息化研究所聯合軍內外數百家單位、數千科技工作者直面挑戰、刻苦攻關所取得的累累碩果。僅“十五”以來，該所就完成了包括某一體化指揮信息系統、戰術
互聯網等200多項重要成果，獲得1項國家科技進步特等獎、3項一等獎、8項二等獎，54項軍隊科技進步一等獎，為全軍蓬勃興起的加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式熱潮提供了有力助推。軍委首長稱讚他們是我軍科研戰線的排頭兵、信息化建設的先行者！
在軍隊信息化建設最需要有人站出來時，遲疑躊躇就等於臨陣退縮。面對未來戰爭的嚴峻挑戰，我們無權說還沒準備好———
“激將法”激出一紙“軍令狀”
這是有關我軍信息化建設發展的一次重要會議，也是讓某一體化指揮信息系統項目總師、原所長王建新最為刻骨銘心的一幕。
那年北京的初春，陽光明媚。剛剛戰勝“非典”的中國老百姓笑容舒展地享受和平生活，而中國軍人的心頭卻一點也不輕鬆──
就在一年前，伊拉克戰爭打響，美軍呼嘯的“戰斧”導彈劃破新世紀和平寧靜的天空。基於高效能指揮信息系統的網絡中心戰，展現出全新的信息化作戰樣式──信息化戰爭從實驗室走上了人類戰爭的舞台。
能戰方能止戰。快速發展的軍事變革，給生存與和平帶來的強烈衝擊和嚴峻挑戰，也使我軍軍事鬥爭準備任務愈加緊迫。
而此時，我軍信息化建設卻遭遇困難：全軍各部隊雖然建了不少指揮信息系統，但這些系統體制差異較大，難以互聯互通，制約了我軍信息化作戰能力提高。

部队信息化系统-国德建设
為實現“建設信息化軍隊、打贏信息化戰爭”的戰略目標，拿出有效措施解決我軍信息化建設存在的現實問題，根據軍委首長指示，總部召開了作戰部隊信息化綜合集成研討會。
讓人心急如焚的是：會議已經開了兩天，眼看就要結束，談認識的多，講辦法的少，一時陷入糾結。主持會議的總部領導坐不住了，緊急召集有關人員：“這麼多問題，我們卻拿不出辦法，豈不有負重托？要不，乾脆告訴敵人，我們還沒準備好，請戰爭等一等？”
“在軍隊信息化建設最需要有人站出來時，遲疑躊躇就等於臨陣退縮。面對信息化戰爭的嚴峻挑戰，我們無權說還沒準備好！”聽了總部領導這番半是批評半是“激將”的話，時任所長王建新熱血直衝腦門：“首長，我建議盡快立項研製某一體化指揮信息系統。”
王建新的建議當然不是一時心血來潮。當世界軍事變革大潮湧動之時，他就帶領科研人員實時跟踪，深入研究，尋找對策，看到的一幕幕場景深深刺痛了他──
參加全軍性的演習，現場指揮的總部首長面前擺放著各軍兵種不同體制的十幾種指揮終端。部隊演習，野戰指揮所兩台指揮車近在咫尺卻不能聯通，參謀人員只能冒著瓢潑大雨站在車門外，打著雨傘互相喊話傳遞信息。
信息化的魂是“網聚能力”。 “村村點火、戶戶冒煙”，又怎能攥指成拳？
作為研究所，要勇當信息化建設的開路先鋒。迎著時代挑戰，王建新和他的團隊早已展開了某一體化指揮信息系統的預研，開發了相關軟件，甚至在個別演習中試用過。
從那天起，留給他們的時間只有40天。
軍中無戲言。王建新帶領全所人員不分晝夜拼搏，依托已有的共用軟件，加載臨時改造的軍兵種指揮信息軟件，以最快的速度搭建一個簡易的模擬系統，如期為軍委、總部領導和全軍高級指揮員連續作了3場演示。
首場演示結束，現場沉寂了。片刻之後，總部首長緩緩站起來：“這正是未來一體化指揮信息系統的雛形，方向正確，思路可行！”
就此，研製某一體化指揮信息系統正式立項。王建新代表全所科研人員立下“軍令狀”：按時間節點，如期完成研製任務！
如此，才有了開頭的一幕：國家科學技術獎勵大會上，王建新作為項目總師和代表，受到黨和國家領導人親切接見。
吸取“兩彈一星”成功經驗，開展軍內外科研協作，充分調動各方力量和資源辦大事，打一場信息化建設大會戰———
走中國特色之路創造後發奇蹟
軍令如山！
那年，該研究所科研人員充分掂量到這4個字的千鈞分​​量。
新年鐘聲剛剛敲過，兩份紅頭文件便急如星火同時下達：一項是由該研究所主持研製某一體化指揮信息系統；另一項同樣是由他們主持某重要科研項目攻關。
兩大工程，每一項都關係打贏信息化戰爭大局，都是重大創新工程。單獨完成一項決非易事，何況兩大工程集於一身。這讓全所上下既感到光榮，又感到前所未有的壓力。
然而，義不容辭，責無旁貸。只能奮勇前行，沒有後路可退。所黨委科學調配力量，分兵把口。時任所長王建新擔任某一體化指揮信息系統總師，副所長尹浩擔任另一個信息系統總師。
決心難下，路更難走。當科研大幕真正拉開，全身心投入攻關時，他們才發現面臨挑戰之複雜艱鉅，難以言表。以研製某一體化指揮信息系統為例，當時全軍各軍兵種已經建成各類指揮信息系統有數百種，相關軟件更是成千上萬。
過去，他們曾嘗試幫一個陸軍師搞信息系統綜合集成，集中精兵強將苦乾了半年時間才成形。照此速度，一體化指揮信息系統要拖到猴年馬月才能建成？
國外經驗表明，研製大型信息系統具有高投入、高風險和低成功率的特點，建設成本和周期往往會大幅度超出預計。
如何擺脫這一魔咒？如何從這團亂麻中理清思路，找到科學高效的創新之路？所黨委在深入調研、廣泛聽取各方意見的基礎上決定，完成這項重大信息化工程，不能照搬國外經驗，必須闖出一條中國特色大型信息系統研製開發之路。
──綜合信息集成。充分利用部隊信息化建設已有成果，不搞另起爐灶、推倒重來，通過統一技術標準和研製共用軟件進行綜合集成。他們對全軍已有的各種指揮信息系統進行技術調研，構建數千種軟件模型反復進行技術測試，撰寫出850多萬字論證報告，將全軍成千上萬種軟件整合成3大類1700餘個軟件構件，集成改造成一個個典型指揮所信息系統，實現跨軍種、跨業務、跨領域的綜合集成。
──軍民科研融合。吸取“兩彈一星”成功經驗，開展軍內外科研大協作，集中力量辦大事。在總部統一領導和大力支持下，他們聯合軍內外300多家科研單位、8000多名科研人員組成一體化指揮信息系統攻關團隊開展聯合攻關。為充分調動發揮各方科研積極性，他們提出“系統大家建、基礎統一建、應用各自建”科研協作思路，注重依靠團隊智慧破解科研難題。
──創新攻關模式。創新科研編組和研發模式，組織軍事專家組、技術專家組、試驗部隊3支隊伍同時進場參與科研。軍事專家提需求，技術專家搞攻關，試驗部隊來驗證，發現問題隨時改進，邊研邊改，在科研成果的初樣、正樣、定型3個階段都是如此。
思路一變天地寬。一項項成果如期問世，一個個大獎相繼捧回。實踐充分證明，立足我軍信息化建設實際闖出的這一獨特研發之路，對於最大限度縮短科研週期、提高科研效益，創造後發奇蹟發揮了重要作用。
搞科研像打仗一樣需要不怕艱難險阻、一往無前的突擊隊，我們就是要用這種精神為部隊信息化建設殺出一條血路———
堅守精神高地才能攀登科技高峰
當年全所召開的那場讓人熱血沸騰的科研動員大會，許多發言大家都記不得了，唯有時任所長王建新說的一句話至今還迴響在大家耳旁：“搞科研像打仗一樣需要不怕艱難險阻、一往無前的突擊隊，我們就是要用這種精神為部隊信息化建設殺出一條血路來！”
永遠磨滅不了的記憶，是因為它深深扎在心田──
那一年，某一體化指揮信息系統完成初樣研製，迎來第一次大考：總部組織聯試演練。前期一切順利，就在大家暗自歡欣之時，核心服務器數據庫系統突然無法啟動。
數九寒天，演練場外滴水成冰，室內緊張程度卻達到沸點。參演的一些指揮員和參謀人員都急紅了眼，負責故障排查的科研人員更是滿頭大汗，焦急萬分。
故障雖然排除了，但演練卻中斷了半小時。
“如果這一幕發生在戰時，將產生怎樣可怕的後果！”儘管總參首長鼓勵大家放下包袱、輕裝上陣，但王建新和科研人員都知道，這樣的系統決不能上戰場！
為此，他們對自己下起了“狠手”：所有系統必須達到可靠性指標、所有數據必須存有備份、所有環節必須制訂應急預案，對系統進行全過程全要素檢驗。
那段日子，每次測試都是全員全程參與，數以千計的軟件每測試一個週期，就要連軸轉上7天7夜。大家餓了啃方便麵，渴了喝礦泉水，困了就在椅子上躺一會。
讓人難忘的還有老專家羅強一博士星夜排險。那是一次某信息系統聯試即將開始時，突然發現某集團軍指揮信息系統有故障。如不及時排除故障，聯試就要延期，保障聯試的近萬名官兵和眾多裝備就要重新集結部署，部隊領導和相關人員急得團團轉。
凌晨3時，正在導演部忙碌的羅強一得知情況後，顧不得嚮導演部申請車輛，衝到漆黑的街道上攔了一輛出租車，直奔200多公里外的指揮所，一直工作到上午9時，解決問題後又馬不停蹄地趕回導演部，繼續參加聯試演練。
事後，演練場一位領導深有感觸地說：“這個研究所科研人員之所以能在科研關鍵時刻沖得上、頂得住、攻得下，關鍵是有為我軍信息化建設一往無前、無私奉獻的精神支柱。”
堅守精神高地，方能攀登科學高峰。王建新的父親是我軍通信事業的開創者──王諍。他把父親戰爭年代那種精神繼承下來，搞起科研不要命，被大家稱為“王鐵人”。
戰術互聯網總師於全，某信息系統副總師羅強一等所裡眾多科研骨幹，都有國外留學經歷，但他們不為國外優厚物質待遇誘惑，堅持回國干事業。
正是這種精神激勵大家，像戰爭年代的突擊隊那樣，不怕犧牲，不怕疲勞，奮勇突破──
某一體化指揮信息系統副總師曹江，為攻克難點連續奮戰幾晝夜不休息，竟累得深夜回家途中靠著大樹睡著了，直到被大雨澆醒。
青年科技工作者何志東，為使指揮信息系統適應高原作戰需要，七上雪域高原，克服嚴重高原反應，採集有關數據，調試安裝系統，以優質工程通過上級組織的系統驗收。
某中心主任唐宏，為儘早完成邊防指揮信息系統研製，和戰友們白天黑夜連軸轉，一干就是40多天，心髒病發作暈倒在攻關現場。醫生要求他住院治療，他卻拿著口服藥回到所裡，又繼續加班，直到任務完成。
某信息系統副總師陳強，孩子出生10天，就趕赴外地參加科研工作。幾年間，他東征西戰極少回家，系統從初樣、正樣到定型，取得成果了，孩子也長大了……
核心技術買不來，買來也存在隱患；單純模仿走不遠，照貓畫虎只能產生短期效益；依靠引進靠不住，依賴於人必然受制於人———
把自主創新作為信息化建設基點
幾年前，當幾大信息化科研項目陸續展開時，一個必須回答的問題擺在了眼前：科研工作的基點在哪兒？
一場爭論，首先圍繞如何構建信息系統核心部分──“軟件構件”爆發了。為減少研發難度，避免研發風險，有人搬出某發達國家構件標準，並主張照此編寫。
某中心主任劉東紅堅決反對：“核心軟件技術，事關我軍信息化建設根基問題，必須自主創新。現在‘照貓畫虎’佔點小便宜，將來在戰場上就會吃大虧。”
爭論出真知。劉東紅終於說服相關協作單位採用自主創新方案，雖然要多花出幾倍的力氣，但它的安全可靠對戰場至關重要。
這場爭論，引起了所黨委的高度關注：近些年，圍繞重大科研課題，科研人員收集整理了不少國外技術資料，怎樣使用？是照搬照抄，還是有選擇地消化吸收？
安全防護系統是某一體化指揮信息系統的“生命線”，也是對自主創新要求最高的部分。年輕的總師楊林帶領他的科研團隊，獨闢蹊徑研製安全防護系統。沒想到，一次演練，一種新型病毒就導致指揮系統全線癱瘓。
自認為安全可靠、萬無一失的防護體系卻被攻破了。面對殘酷的現實，楊林他們認識到，沒有自主創新的科研成果，一旦走上戰場，很有可能出現“成也蕭何敗也蕭何”！
受到“刺激”的楊林他們，隨後通過完全的自主創新，打造出“縱深安全防線”，並在總部組織的高強度網絡攻防演練中，經受住了考驗。
深刻的教訓，讓所黨委定下決心：核心技術買不來，買來也存在隱患；單純模仿走不遠，產生的也只是短期效益而不是超越能力；依靠引進靠不住，依賴於人必然受制於人。必須把保障打贏的戰略基點放在自主創新上！
眼光到達的地方，腳步才能到達。這一年，某信息系統研製初期，由於電磁信息運算複雜，造成態勢圖與戰場實際狀況不同步。如果這個難點不突破，可能導致戰時指揮做出錯誤判斷和決策。為突破這個難點，總師組17名成員擠在實驗室，連續3天3夜攻關，試驗數百次，但始終沒有解決。
就在大家一籌莫展的時候，一直在沉思的副總師曹江突然站起來提出：“我們換個思路，不用傳統算法，改用新的算法。”大家眼前一亮。沿著這個思路，他們不僅一下解決了難題，還開創我軍信息系統研發的新思路。
令人更加欣喜的是，由於堅持把科研基點放在自主創新上，幾年來，這個研究所通過完成重大科研項目，催生出一大批具有自主知識產權的技術成果。僅某一體化指揮信息系統一個項目產生的創新成果，就獲得1項國家科技進步特等獎，22項軍隊科技進步一等獎，為打贏未來戰爭鑄就一把把利劍。
信息系統研製不是“交鑰匙”工程，不能一勞永逸，必須緊跟軍事需求變化不斷提高，實現“一年一版本、三年一升級”———
為戰鬥力服務是軍事科研永恆使命
在這個所科研工作歷史上，這或許是一個絕無僅有的特例──
去年11月底，某中心主任劉東紅突然向總參作戰部領導提出申請：請讓我到戰備值班室值班！
原來，兩天前劉東紅獲悉，戰備值班某些應用程序操作起來不太方便，但問題用戶又說不清。因此，劉東紅申請了這次特殊值班。經批准，她走進了值班室，弄清了軟件設計的問題，帶領科研人員進行了改進。
軍事科研就該為戰鬥力服務！劉東紅的做法贏得了總部領導的讚許，但熟悉這個所的人都知道，這種事在該研究所比比皆是。
近年來，這個所研製的一些信息系統，相繼通過定型鑑定，配發部隊。
但他們並沒有把這當成“交鑰匙”工程，而是緊跟軍事鬥爭需求變化和技術進步，按照“一年一版本、三年一升級”的思路，滾動改進完善成果，使信息系統的改進跟上了軍事變革的步伐。
這一年，在推廣某一體化指揮信息系統應用中，業務室主任劉東波發現，系統關於砲兵火力打擊情況的標繪過於簡單，不能精確顯示集群火力打擊範圍及相關影響，用於實戰可能產生偏差。
然而，承研單位卻感到，因缺乏相關數據和模型支持，一時很難改進。 “為戰鬥力服務是科研的永恆使命，困難再大也要解決。”劉東波和戰友們迎難而上，深入一線採集數據，反复研究演算，成功設計出立體、動態、多層砲兵集群火力打擊模型，將問題徹底解決。
據統計，僅某戰區一個方向，這個所的科研人員就在推廣應用中，發現並解決275個大小問題，確保某一體化信息指揮系統安全運行。
某中心副主任向東蕾在下部隊推廣應用戰術互聯網時，發現一個奇怪現象：裝備在實驗室性能良好，可在演練應用時，性能卻時常打折扣，反複分析也找不到“病根”。
向東蕾就下到通信連隊，與戰士一起生活、一起訓練，終於將謎底揭開：有的戰士為了搞好新裝備維護保養，經常在擦完槍之後，順手用槍油把某新型電台天線也擦一擦。而槍油具有絕緣作用，塗油的天線電阻增大，性能自然減弱。
此後，在推廣應用戰術互聯網的幾年時間裡，向東蕾下部隊20多次，最長時間達到3個月，先後發現16個方面近百個問題，並通過及時改進，使這一科研成果快速顯威練兵場。
科研工作只有與作戰需求對接，才有生命力。在這個研究所，每名科研人員都把來自部隊的呼聲，視為推動科研發展的動力，對他們反映的每一條意見，再小也不忽略。
一次，某戰區通信部門領導來京辦事，隨口談起某一體化指揮信息系統在顯示戰場態勢時，要在同一屏幕既能顯示宏觀戰局，又能顯示局部具體情況就更好用了。
說者無意，聽者有心。在場的某中心領導敏銳地感到，這個建議，對提升系統服務功能很有價值。隨即，他們指派室主任初寧深入部隊專題調研，結果發現：部隊的需求涉及眾多複雜技術問題。
“只要作戰指揮需要，再難也要改。”初寧放下手頭科研任務，組織地方兩個研究所科研人員，連續乾了大半年，終於攻克難關。
年終，這個戰區首長機關應用新的態勢顯示系統，成功組織部隊跨區機動演習。為此，他們專門給總部寫來感謝信。
誰搶先佔領新的科技制高點，誰就在未來戰爭中多一分勝算；誰能夠洞察未來發展方向，誰就在明天的博弈中擁有更多籌碼———
追趕世界軍事變革潮頭，我們依然在路上
莊嚴隆重的國家科學技術獎勵大會召開當晚，在總參某信息化研究所院內出現的一幕情景，讓很多人頗為詫異：
白天剛剛從國家領導人手中接過獲獎證書的功臣們，晚上又面容平靜、步履匆匆地走進科研大樓，打開微機，開展科技攻關活動。
儘管這一天，大家都很高興，但卻沒有人們想像的那種狂歡慶祝、舉杯高歌……
幾年來，面對累累碩果，該研究所每名官兵始終保持著一種異乎尋常的冷靜：“我們的成果與世界軍事變革發展相比，依然行走在追趕的路上。既不能有一絲一毫的滿足，更不能有一絲一毫的懈怠！”
言為心聲。幾項重要科研成果定型之後，一項被科研中心主任們稱為“過堂”的活動，隨即在全所展開：根據黨委要求，十幾個中心主任輪流上台，比照世界軍事發展進行陳述，問題找不准、思路理不清，誰也不能“下台”。
某中心主任唐宏，著眼世界新技術革命，一下提出18個研究課題。沒想到，在隨後幾次“過堂”中都沒過關，原因是：有的課題太過前沿，有的課題太偏，有的課題太大，有的課題缺乏可操作性……這讓唐宏難以“下台”。
理思路，找抓手，謀長遠。所領導幫他條分縷析梳理，他最後把攻關課題聚焦到物聯網、邊海防信息化建設等6個方向上。如今，這6個研究方向都有重大突破。其中，物聯網方向申報3個國家重大科技專項子課題，邊海防信息化建設也已經立項研究。
正是這一場場特殊的“過堂”，為他們大步前進注入了永恆的動力，以至於往往不等手頭的科研任務塵埃落定，一些重點科研方向已悄然展開，奮力搶占新的製高點─ ─
就在某中心捧回幾十個重大獎項時，一個猶如“魔術師”工作室的新技術實驗室，率先在全軍創建，可能應用於未來的一項項神奇的新技術實驗，在這裡悄然展開。
與此同時，該所還聯合國內11家科研機構，對34種自主信息產品開展集成實驗。這些含苞待放的科研成果，正在成為迎接未來挑戰的新型手段。

Original Source: X

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China Faces Challenge of Combat Interpretation of Latest US Military Information Warfare // 中國面臨美軍最新信息戰作戰解讀挑戰中國網絡戰能力

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China Faces Challenge of Combat Interpretation of Latest US Military Information Warfare

中國面臨美軍最新信息戰作戰解讀挑戰

中國網絡戰能力

Soure: X

中國網絡戰

中國網絡戰能力

Reaching aspects during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit, the two countries to combat cybercrime and promote the development of codes of conduct in cyberspace consensus, developed a number of cooperation initiatives to maintain network security, the formation of some dispute settlement mechanism, it is intended to address global network security issues. However, the US military in cyber warfare, information warfare is a fight, and actively adjust operational concepts, organizational system, forms of organization, operational processes and information culture, accelerate the development of the field of information warfare capabilities to ensure the Navy to get in a confrontation with major combat rival China’s dominance.

First, information warfare establishment of institution-building

In 2013, the US Navy Intelligence and Communication Networks merged unit information superiority by a Deputy Minister of Naval Operations is responsible for matters related to information superiority, with seven officers and some senior civilian fleet, as well as many professionals engaged in information warfare work in the field of change exist between intelligence gathering and fleet operations during the Cold war barriers, the US Navy to ensure safe use of the network environment to support access to information among the various operations. US Navy Fleet at Fort Dmitry set up Cyber ​​Command, the merger of the former Naval Network Warfare Command in Norfolk, Virginia naval base, he served as deputy commander of the Chief of Naval Operations is responsible for the integration of capabilities and resources, is responsible for the network attack and defense, management, operation and defense of the Navy’s network, as well as other activities related to cyber war, as both the US Cyber ​​Command, the Navy branch, to provide information to the US military combat support.

In the army building, the US Navy established the first 10 Fleet responsible for information warfare, information superiority as the US Navy forces, the development and delivery of information superiority capability to support operational requirements of the US Navy and allies, has formed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, full operational capacity of the network, command and control, communications, intelligence, electronic warfare, aerospace and other aspects of the transition to the information operations after the US Navy intelligence and cyber warfare important step.

From US Navy surface ships, submarines and aviation sector includes allocated funds to ensure the daily operation of the Ministry of information superiority, training, equipment and procurement, taking into account the construction and development of unmanned aerial systems and electronic warfare systems. Although electronic warfare department, said the electronic attack items (such as the next generation of jammers) transferred from the Air Operations Department to the Ministry of information superiority will weaken budgetary support for electronic attack system, but the Navy said it had recognized that strengthening the field of electronic warfare offensive the importance of strengthening investment in the field of electronic warfare.

Second, the “joint information environment” guarantee the right to information system at sea

According to the US Department of Defense in September 2013 issued a “joint information environment implementation strategies”, “joint information environment” (JIE) is by far one of the largest joint military information technology operations, with the goal of network integration within the DoD overall IT footprint and infrastructure costs of the construction of the Ministry of Defence, the “chimney” of information systems development for the flat network of dynamic information system, providing interoperability of cloud-based enterprise network infrastructure and services, reduce to ensure that the US military battlefield obtain control of information, enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Defence to deal with cyber threats in the field.

“Joint Information Environment” construction focus is to strengthen information sharing and cooperation, the establishment of enterprise-class shared security protocol for configuration standardization, optimizing the routing of data, at the time and place needed to deliver confidential voice, data and information, including almost all joint information DoD information technology work. “Joint information environment” universal, global, based on cloud properties, including network operations center, data center and cloud-based applications and services, identity management systems, based data storage and sharing capabilities cloud structure and review computer technical support, allows the use of any device to achieve the edge of the network operator, to accelerate the integration of command and control network nodes, can guarantee the daily operations and administration while reducing the cost of network operation and management.

Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is responsible for technical management of a joint information environment, the development of the overall architecture of the safety standards, access issues and identity management. July 2013, the US European Command in Stuttgart established its first enterprise-class Operations Center (EOC), responsible for managing the access management information environment within the Joint Command of the US system in Europe and Africa, dozens of command and control nodes under the jurisdiction of merger . In 2014, the US Pacific Command, and enterprise-class operations center in the United States have also launched joint information environment “Delta 1” have reached initial operational capability.

US Department of Defense Joint Information Environment has given a total of $ 239 million to ensure funding for the purchase of core routers, optical network equipment, fiber optic, network devices, storage devices, security tools and other infrastructure, management and maintenance of the Defense Information Systems Network. In the context of budget cuts, the US military had more dependent on commercial space field, planned in 2016 by the local company responsible for global broadband communications satellite (WGS) in daily operations. In the civil-military cooperation in space operations, DISA need to focus on the potential threat so bring, make up the vulnerability of the physical transmission layer.

Third, the face of major combat operations rivals Applications

Navy Information Warfare future construction operations targeting China and other major rivals, based on the field of cyberspace under serious threat in the Western Pacific battlefield environment construction and operation of information and operational deployment to focus on the formation of forward-deployed real deterrent. US military flexibility and emphasizes the use of reliable satellite communications, to support joint information environment physical transport layer, especially for mobile and forward-deployed forces, command and control and ISR equipment to deal with the growing threat of space.

The initial stage of “joint information environment” design applications, the US Navy had stressed in its response cyber threats using a single security architecture (SSA) to reduce the Navy’s networks “cyber attack surface,” the US military response in the face of network damage, theft data and other forms of cyber attacks, to ensure that the US military’s combat information through various channels to secure smooth transmission. If the intruder’s goal is simply to prevent or delay transmission of information, there is no need to pursue a unified security architecture and security code.

Optical Fiber Communication Security System Operation Command Decision Support System is another focus of attention Navy. Currently, 99% of international data traffic through submarine cable transmission, optical fiber communication is the US military’s “joint information environment” an important transport route for the United States to protect allies and overseas military bases of communication and contact. Naval activities is the greatest threat to the submarine cable, submarine cable on the other side of the attack is difficult to prevent, once destroyed will take a long time to repair. Therefore, the Defense Information Systems Agency “Network infrastructure requirements” (NIPR) requires operators to repair the damaged cable within three days, the US Navy underwater submarine cable project team is also responsible for the maintenance and repair tasks to ensure safe and smooth optical fiber communication .

Fourth, call our army building appropriate information warfare capabilities

Faced with aggressive information warfare against the US military posture, Chinese military information warfare must face the challenge to build offensive and defensive information warfare system. Recently, Chinese President Xi Jinping has said it will vigorously promote the revolution in military affairs, the development of “information warfare” new strategies, innovative new military doctrine to fulfill the mission requirements of the system and setup, system equipment, strategy and tactics, management mode. Specific to the field of information warfare is to aim at the US military weaknesses, focusing on the development of anti-satellite missiles, land-based electronic jamming of satellite monitoring and control, high-energy laser to attack satellites and space-based weapons killer weapons, improve the ability of information systems most vulnerable to attack opponents nodes, enhanced network integrated Defense level clouds and terminal element transport layer, dependent on the US military “joint information environment” to implement the most damaging effect, in order to gain the initiative in the local military confrontation or war.

Origianl Mandarin Chinese:

中国国家主席习近平访美期间，中美两国就打击网络犯罪、推动制定网络空间行为准则等方面达成共识，制定了维护网络安全的若干合作举措，形成了某些争端解决机制，意图共同解决全球网络安全问题。然而，美军在网络战、信息战方面正在大动干戈，积极调整作战概念、编制体制、组织形式、作战流程和信息文化，加快发展信息领域作战能力，确保海军能够在与主要作战对手中国的对抗中取得优势地位。

一、信息战编制体制建设

2013年，美国海军将情报部和通信网络部合并成立信息优势部，由一名海军作战部副部长负责信息优势相关事务，配备7名舰队军官和一些高级文职，以及众多的专业人员从事信息战领域的工作，改变了冷战时期情报搜集和舰队作战之间存在的壁垒，保证美国海军利用安全的网络环境获取信息支持各种作战行动之中。美国海军在梅德堡组建了舰队赛博司令部，合并了弗吉尼亚州诺福克海军基地的原海军网络战司令部，由负责能力和资源整合的海军作战部副部长任司令，主要负责网络进攻和防御，管理、运作和保卫海军的网络，以及与赛博作战相关的其它活动，同时作为美军赛博司令部的海军分支，向美军提供信息作战支持。

在部队建设方面，美国海军成立了第10舰队专门负责信息战，作为美国海军的信息优势部队，发展和投送优势信息能力，支援美海和盟军的作战需求，目前已经形成情报监视与侦察、网络、指挥控制、通信情报、电子战、航天等方面的完全作战能力，向信息作战转型之后成为美国海军情报和网络战的重要步骤。

美国海军从水面舰艇、潜艇和航空兵部门划拔经费，保障信息优势部的日常运行、训练、装备和采购，兼顾无人航空系统和电子战系统的建设发展。尽管电子战部门表示将电子攻击项目(如下一代干扰器)从空中作战部门转移到信息优势部将削弱对电子攻击系统的预算支持，但是美国海军表示已经认识到在电子战领域加强攻击性的重要性，加强电子战领域的投入。

二、“联合信息环境”保证海上制信息权

根据美国国防部2013年9月发布的《联合信息环境实施战略》，“联合信息环境”(JIE)是美军迄今为止最大的联合信息技术行动之一，其目标是在国防部范围内进行网络一体化化建设，将“烟囱式”的信息体系发展为扁平网络化的动态信息体系，提供互联互通的基于云的网络基础架构和企业级服务，减少国防部整体的信息技术占用空间和基础设施成本，确保美军获得战场制信息权，提高国防部应对赛博领域威胁的能力。

“联合信息环境”的建设重点是加强信息共享和合作，建立企业级的共享安全协议，实现配置标准化，优化数据路由，在需要的时间和地点交付保密的语音、数据和情报，包括了几乎所有的国防部信息技术工作的联合信息。“联合信息环境”具有通用性、全球性、基于云的特性，包括网络作战中心、数据中心和基于云应用程序和服务的身份管理系统，提供基于云结构的数据存储和共享能力和可回顾的计算机技术支持，允许使用任何设备实现边缘网络操作，加速网络指挥与控制节点的融合，能够保障作战行动和日常行政管理，同时减少网络运行管理成本。

国防信息系统局(DISA)负责联合信息环境的技管理，制定整体架构中的安全标准、准入问题和身份管理等。2013年7月，美军欧洲司令部在斯图加特建立了首个企业级作战中心(EOC)，负责管理美国欧洲和非洲司令部内联合信息环境系统的访问管理，合并下辖的几十个指挥和控制节点。2014年，美军太平洋司令部和美国本土的企业级作战中心也相继展开，联合信息环境“增量1”陆续达到初始作战能力。

美国国防部对联合信息环境建设给予了总计2.39亿美元的经费保证，用于采购核心路由器、光网设备、光纤、网络设备、存储设备、安全工具等基础设施，管理维护国防信息系统网。在预算削减的背景下，美军不得不更加倚重商业空间领域，计划在2016年由地方公司负责宽带全球通信卫星(WGS)的日常运营。在军民合作的空间运营中，DISA需要关注因此带来的潜在威胁，弥补物理传输层的脆弱性。

三、面对主要作战对手展开作战应用

美国海军未来信息战建设瞄准中国等主要作战对手，立足赛博领域严重威胁下的西太平洋战场，进行信息环境建设运营和作战部署，以前沿部署为重点形成现实威慑。美军强调使用弹性和可靠的卫星通信，支持联合信息环境物理传输层，特别是对机动和前沿部署的部队、指挥控制和ISR装备，应对日益增加的空间威胁。

“联合信息环境”设计应用的最初阶段，美国海军就强调以其应对赛博威胁，利用单一安全架构(SSA)减少海军网络面临的“赛博攻击面”，应对美军面对的网络破坏、窃取数据等多种形式的赛博攻击，保证美军的作战信息通过各种渠道安全通畅地传输。如果入侵者的目标只是阻止或迟滞信息传输，就没有必要追求统一的安全架构和保密码。

作战指挥辅助决策系统的体系结构光纤通信安全是美国海军关注的另一个重点。目前，99%的国际数据通信通过海底光缆传输，美军的光纤通信是“联合信息环境”的重要传输途径，用来保障美国本土与盟国和海外军事基地的通信联络。舰艇活动对是海底光缆的最大威胁，对方的对海底光缆的攻击很难防范，一旦遭到破坏需要很长时候修复。因此，国防信息系统局的“网络基础设施需求”(NIPR)要求运营商在3天之内修复受损光缆，美国海军水下工程队也担负海底光缆的维护和抢修任务，保证光纤通信安全顺畅。

四、呼唤我军建设相应的信息战能力

面对美军咄咄逼人的信息战对抗姿态，中国军队的信息战也要直面挑战，建设攻防兼备的信息战体系。日前，习近平主席已经表示中国将大力推进军事变革，制定“信息化战争”新战略，创新履行使命要求的新的军事理论、体制编制、装备体系、战略战术、管理模式。具体到信息作战领域，就是要瞄准美军弱点，重点发展反卫星导弹、陆基电子干扰卫星测控、高能激光攻击和天基卫星武器等杀手锏武器，提高攻击对手信息系统最脆弱节点的能力，增强网络云和终端元件传输层的综合攻防水平，对美军依赖的“联合信息环境”实施最大效应的破坏，才能在军事对抗或局部战争中占据主动。

Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Russian Cyber Warfare

Russian cyberwarfare the “people’s war” in cyberspace an important battleground // 中國軍方認為俄軍網絡戰擅長打”人民戰爭” 網絡空間成重要戰場

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中國軍方認為俄軍網絡戰擅長打”人民戰爭” 網絡空間成重要戰場

Russian cyberwarfare the “people’s war” in cyberspace an important battleground 

俄羅斯網絡戰爭

2016年03月11日

Information war era, control of information warfare is the first to compete. Network warfare from soft kill to the physical destruction of its implementation hidden, accurate, rapid, controllable, and low cost but high return, both offensive and defensive, with the political war, diplomatic warfare, economic warfare, media warfare, psychological warfare, and other non-legal battle be combined with military means, it is possible to obtain the effect of traditional military means difficult to obtain.

Russia attaches great importance to network warfare troops, the Russian military will “Network Attack” treated as equivalent to fire assault combat style. In 2007 the Red Army statue in Estonia event, the 2008 Russia – Georgia war in 2014, the crisis in Crimea and eastern Ukraine, and in 2015 the Turkish warplanes shot down Russian event, cyberspace is an important battleground.

Today, cyberspace is the most important way to disseminate information, interconnection of the global information network and expand the connotation of the national security interests of the extension. Russia attaches great importance to information security and network security closely related, that the social stability, civil rights, freedom and democracy, order and the rule of law, the wealth of nations, territorial integrity, depends largely on information and network security.

Putin pointed out many times, information resources and political and economic infrastructure plays a decisive role for the country’s future, vital interests and security, we must be prepared to deal with the threat of information, enhance the related infrastructure facilities, especially the strategic defense capabilities information warfare and cyber warfare have been used in various countries to achieve military and political objectives, its power is even greater than conventional weapons.

Russia’s new “National Security Strategy” to enhance the status of network warfare

Russia’s new “National Security Strategy” that the global fight against big nowadays between countries, to take a more “indirect” route, the West provoked Russia’s domestic political turmoil, rise to social conflicts, to impose economic and financial sanctions, support for separatism, nationalism, religious extremism and the local armed forces, the network is one of the main tools.

Russian more use of “information warfare” that term. Information warfare includes intelligence and counter-intelligence, information deception, electronic warfare, communications interference, and navigation warfare, psychological warfare, computer sabotage warfare. Under conditions of modern warfare, information warfare is to ensure the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence, accounting basis against conventional superiority, and network warfare capability is the core of information warfare.

By using a network of weapons of mass repression, civil disturbance or military command, communications system, has become an important part of modern local wars and armed conflicts. Information warfare is not only used by the military for countries, extremist and terrorist organizations are also widely used.

As we all know, Russia’s implementation of the “strategy of containment” strategy and “nuclear deterrence” to “containment strategy” of the highest priority, which is a realistic choice based on its own strength and the international balance of power, but Russia also believes that the prevention of external armed conflict, nuclear deterrence is not always effective in preventing internal conflicts, nuclear deterrence is completely ineffective.

In recent years, many cases of local wars and armed conflicts exhibit remarkable feature is their integrated use of military and non-military means, against the extensive use of information and network attack and defense, in order to achieve military and political objectives. Russia’s new “military doctrine” Emphasizing and enhancing the “non-nuclear containment” status and role in the “containment strategy” in, and information warfare and network warfare capability is an important part of non-nuclear containment capability.

In North Africa and the Middle East countries “color revolutions”, the social networks are the primary means of insurgent groups and proliferation.”Color Revolution” in these countries caused internal conflicts, upgrade to bloodshed and armed conflict, bring down the government, to the detriment of national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Russia’s new “military doctrine” that, in the foreseeable future, Russia is also facing the same danger.

Russia’s new “military doctrine” that, in order to ensure national security and military, against the West in the field of information and ideological offensive penetration, Russia will closely follow the development of information and network technology, to take concrete measures to continuously improve and upgrade the national and military information infrastructure, defense and protection.

Cyberwar is “hybrid war” major combat style

Russia’s actions in Crimea crisis in eastern Ukraine dispute, the distinction between military and non-military actions indistinguishable from conventional and unconventional means integrated use, combines formal and informal style of warfare, and there are large conventional war the difference between this style of warfare by NATO military experts called “hybrid war.”

Mixing the war, through the adoption of small-scale military actions have a decisive effect, with the use of non-military means of diplomacy, energy, economy, network, etc., is applied to the other decision-makers as well as people with physical, practical information can affect the feelings of the other party’s leadership shake the confrontation will thus reach a political purpose of war.

In a mixed war, cyber attacks can give each other military and civilian targets causing destruction of hard and soft, reducing resistance in one’s own military operations. Disseminate targeted information on the network, international and domestic public opinion, create favorable conditions for political, military, diplomatic and economic struggle.

Russia in Syria against ISIS military operations, always firmly occupy the moral high ground, using the Internet to play the battle of public opinion, uphold justice of military operations, effective impact of the international community, national and public opinion to the relevant country to obtain an international community support, reducing the opposition, with the network consensus warfare effective military operations.

Russia fears NATO NATO war will be mixed for the surrounding, especially in the frontier with Russia against the Baltic States. Latvian Defense Minister Weiyuenisi believe that the first phase of hybrid warfare is information warfare, information and network attacks. In 2007, the Estonian government agencies and banks suffered large-scale cyber attacks, Russia was accused launched the attacks. In recent years, large-scale NATO exercises held in the Baltic region, will be “defensive cyber attacks” as a drill subjects, Estonia NATO also established a network warfare command center.

Russia and the United States, between NATO, the possibility of the outbreak of conventional war and nuclear war in the foreseeable future is extremely small, the two sides are also no such intention. But the Russian mixed war can solve political consultations between the military and control them better grasp of the US and NATO “without splitting” the propriety, while it also makes NATO’s collective defense mechanism is not the focal point.

In recent years, Russia has accumulated rich experience in cyber warfare

Like other fighting styles, including network warfare offensive and defensive aspects. Russia is facing a severe situation of network security, in fact, almost all of the information networks in developed countries the situation is the same, and, along with social development and technological progress, the network security situation also deteriorated sharply.

According to the Russian Federal Security Bureau statistics, since 2005, the Russian State authorities has been the site every year nearly 100 million times attacks, the President, the State Duma, strong institutions, banks and other sites is the focus of attack.

In the early 1990s, Russia on the establishment of a committee responsible for information security of network information security. In 1995, the information security management be included in the scope of national security of Russia, Russia has also promulgated the “Russian Federation information, information technology and information networks Protection Act.” In 2002, the Information Security Committee passed the “Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation”, put forward the guiding principles for information security.

In 2011, the International Convention on the Russian initiative to develop behavioral norms in cyberspace – “ensuring international information security”, which defined the network security threats and the precautionary principle, proposed a ban on the use of networking and communications technology interfere in internal affairs. The initiative with the US network strategy there is a big difference, so by the US boycott.

The following year, the Russian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Makarov said that in the development of the concept of cyber war, which Russia must be evaluated in order to respond to threats and challenges of Western military powers in the field of network to bring, preparing for cyber warfare. Russian military will focus on the development of network offensive and defensive capabilities, network-building combat power, with the ability to network deterrence, war methods and other research networks.

In 2013, Russian security forces set up the network, one year after the establishment of Network Warfare Command. In more than local wars and armed conflicts, the Russian military has accumulated a wealth of practical experience in the network, with a strong network reconnaissance and anti-reconnaissance, network penetration and reverse osmosis, network attacks and sabotage mental capacity, with advanced logic bomb network warfare weapons.

 Network warfare is combat system, requires the participation and collaboration of relevant sectors of society, Network Warfare Command and the network more combat troops is a leadership, guidance, mobilize and organize the action. Russia has a large number of hackers, software elite and many famous high-tech companies, if necessary, can quickly mobilize a network army, playing the “people’s war” in a space on the network, more than its power in local wars and armed conflicts It has been fully demonstrated.

Compared to land, sea, air, space, power and other battlespace, benefiting from the growing popularity of the global information network, tactics and enter the “threshold” cyberwar almost the lowest and technically distinct “latecomer” characterized in the short term there may be a breakthrough in one area, the formation of “asymmetric” advantage.

Russian conform to the form of war and military technology trends, strengthen capacity building in information warfare as the core network warfare, when participating in the surrounding local wars and armed conflicts, the combat cyber warfare as a supplement to traditional style, is an alternative to strengthen even battlefield While reducing the smoke, but the combat efficiency has increased, and more conducive to shorten the course of the war and to promote a political settlement of the conflict.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

俄羅斯網絡戰爭

信息化戰爭時代，制信息權是戰爭中首先要爭奪的。網絡戰從軟殺傷到物理摧毀，其實施隱蔽、精確、迅速、可控、成本低但回報高、攻防兼備，可與政治戰、外交戰、經濟戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等非軍事手段結合進行，能夠獲得傳統軍事手段難以取得的效果。

俄羅斯軍隊極為重視網絡戰，俄軍將“網絡突擊”視作等同於火力突擊的作戰樣式。 2007年愛沙尼亞紅軍銅像事件、2008年俄羅斯-格魯吉亞戰爭、2014年克里米亞和烏克蘭東部地區危機以及2015年土耳其擊落俄軍戰機事件，網絡空間都是重要戰場。

如今，網絡空間是最重要的信息傳播途徑，互聯互通的全球信息網絡擴展了國家安全和利益的內涵、外延。俄羅斯非常重視信息安全以及與其密切相關的網絡安全，認為社會穩定、公民權利、自由民主、秩序法制、國家財富、領土完整等，很大程度上取決於信息和網絡安全。

普京多次指出，信息資源和基礎設施對政治和經濟起決定性作用，對國家前途、利益和安全至關重要，必須做好準備應對信息威脅，提升對相關基礎設施尤其是戰略性設施的防護能力，信息戰和網絡戰已被各國用於達成軍事和政治目的，其威力甚至會大於常規武器。

俄新版《國家安全戰略》提升網絡戰地位

俄新版《國家安全戰略》認為，當今全球性大國之間的對抗，多采取“間接”路線，西方挑起俄國內政治動盪，激發社會矛盾，實施經濟和金融制裁，支持分裂主義、民族主義、極端宗教主義和地方武裝，網絡是主要工具之一。

俄軍更多的使用“信息戰”這一術語。信息戰內容包括情報和反情報、信息​​欺騙、電子戰、通信干擾、導航戰、心理戰、計算機破壞戰等。現代戰爭條件下，信息戰能力是保證核威懾有效性、佔據常規對抗優勢的基礎，而網絡戰能力是信息作戰的核心。

通過大規模使用網絡武器壓制、干擾民用或軍用的指揮、通訊體系，成為現代局部戰爭和武裝衝突的重要內容。信息戰不僅為各國軍隊使用，也被極端和恐怖主義組織廣泛使用。

眾所周知，俄羅斯實施“戰略遏制”戰略，並將“核遏制”置於“戰略遏制”的最高優先權，這是基於自身實力和國際力量對比的現實選擇，但同時俄羅斯也認為，在防止外部武裝衝突中，核遏制並不總是有效的，而在防止國內衝突中，核遏制則完全無效。

近年來的多起局部戰爭和武裝衝突呈現出的顯著特徵就是它們綜合運用軍事和非軍事手段，大量採用信息對抗和網絡攻防，以達成軍事和政治目的。俄新版《軍事學說》強調，提高“非核遏制”在“戰略遏制”中的地位和作用，而信息戰和網絡戰能力是非核遏制能力的重要組成部分。

在北非和中東一些國家的“顏色革命”中，社交網絡是暴亂組織和擴散的主要手段。 “顏色革命”造成這些國家國內矛盾激化，升級為流血和武裝衝突，導致政府垮台，進而損害國家主權和領土完整。俄新版《軍事學說》認為，在可預見的將來，俄羅斯也面臨同樣的危險。

俄新版《軍事學說》指出，為保證國家和軍事安全，對抗西方在信息以及意識形態領域的進攻滲透，俄將密切跟踪信息和網絡技術的發展，採取具體措施，不斷完善、升級國家和軍事信息基礎設施的防禦體系和防護能力。

網絡戰是“混合戰爭”的主要作戰樣式

俄羅斯在克里米亞危機、烏克蘭東部爭端的行動中，軍事和非軍事行動的界限難以區分，常規和非常規手段綜合使用，融合了正規和非正規的作戰樣式，與傳統戰爭存在著較大區別，這種作戰樣式被北約軍事專家稱為“混合戰爭”。

混合戰爭中，通過採取具有決定性效果的小規模軍事行動，配合使用外交、能源、經濟、網絡等非軍事手段，施加給對方決策層以及民眾以切實可感受的物質、信息影響，動搖對方領導層的對抗意志，進而達成戰爭的政治目的。

在混合戰爭中，網絡攻擊可給對方軍事和非軍事目標造成軟硬殺傷，減少己方在軍事行動中的阻力。在網絡上傳播有針對性的信息，可影響國際國內輿論，為政治、軍事、外交和經濟鬥爭創造有利條件。

俄在敘利亞打擊ISIS的軍事行動中，始終牢牢佔據道義高地，利用網絡大打輿論戰，堅持軍事行動的正義性，有效影響了國際社會、本國和相關國家的輿論走向，從而獲得了國際社會支持，減少了反對聲音，網絡輿論戰有效配合了軍事行動。

北約擔憂俄羅斯會將混合戰爭用於周邊的北約成員國，尤其是處在與俄對抗前沿的波羅的海國家。拉脫維亞國防部長維約尼斯認為，混合戰爭的第一階段是信息戰、宣傳和網絡攻擊。 2007年，愛沙尼亞政府機構和銀行遭受大規模網絡攻擊，俄羅斯被指控發動了此次網絡攻擊。近年來，北約在波羅的海地區舉行的大規模演習中，都將“防禦網絡攻擊”作為演練課目，北約還在愛沙尼亞設立了一個網絡戰指揮中心。

俄與美國、北約之間，在可預見的將來爆發常規戰爭和核​​戰爭的可能性極小，雙方也都無此意願。但俄進行混合戰爭，可在軍事解決與政治磋商之間進退自如，更好地把握與美國和北約“鬥而不破”的分寸，同時，這也使得北約的集體防禦機制沒有著力點。

俄近年來積累了豐富的網絡戰經驗

如同其他作戰樣式一樣，網絡戰也包括進攻和防禦兩個方面。俄羅斯面臨著嚴峻的網絡安全形勢，事實上，幾乎所有信息網絡發達國家的處境都是一樣的，而且，隨著社會發展和科技進步，網絡安全形勢還在急劇惡化。

據俄聯邦安全局統計，自2005年以來，俄國家機關網站每年都會遭到近100萬次網絡攻擊，總統、國家杜馬、強力機構、銀行等網站是攻擊重點。

早在20世紀90年代初，俄就設立了專門負責網絡信息安全的信息安全委員會。 1995年，信息安全被納入俄國家安全管理範疇，俄羅斯還頒布了《俄聯邦信息、信息化和信息網絡保護法》。 2002年，信息安全委員會通過了《俄聯邦信息安全學說》，提出了保障信息安全的指導原則。

2011年，俄羅斯倡議制定規範網絡空間行為的國際公約——《保障國際信息安全》，其中，明確了網絡安全威脅及其防範原則，提議禁止利用網絡和通信技術干涉別國內政。該倡議與美國網絡戰略存在較大分歧，因此受到美國抵制。

次年，俄武裝力量總參謀長馬卡羅夫表示，網絡戰爭的概念在發展，俄須對此進行評估，以應對西方軍事強國在網絡領域帶來的威脅和挑戰，為網絡戰做準備。俄軍將重點放在了發展網絡攻防能力、建設網絡作戰力量、具備網絡威懾能力、研究網絡戰戰法等。

2013年，俄軍組建網絡安全部隊，一年後成立網絡戰司令部。在多場局部戰爭和武裝衝突中，俄軍積累了豐富的網絡實戰經驗，具備較強的網絡偵察與反偵察、網絡滲透與反滲透、網絡心理攻擊和網絡破擊能力，擁有邏輯炸彈等先進的網絡戰武器。
網絡戰是體係作戰，需要社會相關部門的參與和協作，網絡戰司令部和網絡作戰部隊更多是起到領導、引導、動員和組織作用。俄羅斯擁有大量的黑客、軟件精英和許多著名的高技術公司，一旦需要，可迅速動員起一支網絡大軍，打一場網絡空間上的“人民戰爭”，其威力在多場局部戰爭和武裝衝突中已經充分展示。

相比陸、海、空、天、電等戰場空間，受益於日益普及的全球信息網絡，網絡戰的技戰術和進入“門檻”幾乎是最低的，且在技術上具有鮮明的“後發”特徵，短期內有可能在某一領域取得突破，形成“不對稱”優勢。

俄軍順應戰爭形態和軍事科技發展趨勢，大力加強以網絡戰為核心的信息戰能力建設，在參與周邊局部戰爭和武裝衝突時，將網絡戰作為傳統作戰樣式的補充、加強甚至是替代，戰場上的硝煙雖然減少了，但作戰效能卻提高了，且更有利於縮短戰爭進程和促進衝突的政治解決。

Source: 中國青年報

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China Military Review of US Cyberspace Development Strategy // 中國軍事美國網絡空間發展戰略述評

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中國軍事美國網絡空間發展戰略述評

发布日期： 2015 – 10 – 15

中國軍方人士

With the dependence on cyberspace continues to improve, the US cyberspace security into national security strategy category, has promulgated the “Cyberspace Policy Assessment”, “Cyberspace International Strategy”, “cyberspace operations strategy” and a series of policy file, accelerate the construction of cyberspace security strategy system, vigorously strengthen the network combat forces, to achieve hegemony in cyberspace control. April 2015, the US Department of Defense has issued “Cyberspace Strategy” (hereinafter referred to as “the new cyber strategy”) summary, for the first time publicly that the cyberspace operations as one of the options for future tactical military conflict that the United States has exceeded the network space combat preparation system, weapons and equipment, and a series of joint integration bottlenecks, forming an effective mode of network attack and defense, has all the ability to launch cyber war.

　　First, the US Cyberspace Strategy Evolution
　　Cyberspace security strategy of the United States began in the late 20th century, at the Clinton and the Bush administration has been further strengthened and developed, eventually forming a “national strategy for cyberspace security.” Since 2009, the Obama administration has issued a series of strategic documents for the United States constructed a three-dimensional network security strategy system, international politics and international security situation had a significant impact.
　　(A) in the Clinton and the Bush administration, cyberspace into context of US national security strategy, issued its first “cyberspace national strategy.”
　　The Clinton administration information industry as an emerging pillar industries and vigorously support, promote the rapid development of the Internet, but also to the United States to rely on the network rose to an unprecedented degree, the information industry has become the largest industry in 1995 – growth in the US economy during 1998 The actual contribution rate of more than 35%. Published by the end of 1999, “US National Security Strategy Report” for the first time defined the US cyberspace security interests that network security threats to US national security posed challenges presented initial ideas to prevent security risks of cyberspace through international cooperation and other means. In early 2000 the introduction of “defending America’s cyberspace – to protect the national information system plan”, became the first programmatic document of the United States to maintain network security space. Release of this document is another important motivation is the US government tried to develop new rules of the game, to ensure American power distribution of wealth in cyberspace, to build a strong, growing and innovative US economy.[12]
　　The Bush administration since the “September 11” incident, the United States has changed the concept of security, network spatial development strategy adjustment from “development priority” to “Security First”, and promulgated the “National Cyberspace Security Strategy” in 2003. The strategy identifies strategic position cyberspace security, cyberspace is defined as “to ensure the nation’s critical infrastructure properly functioning ‘nervous system’ and the national control systems,” the security situation in cyberspace to make a new judgment, that the new situation combined with the hostile forces of terror and information technology to pose a serious threat to US national security, will clearly improve cyberspace security to national security strategic level. “US National Security Strategy,” the strategy report issued in 2002, “Homeland Security National Strategy” and other reports, constituted after the “9.11” incident the new US national security strategy system. [12]
　　(B) The Obama administration efforts to build US cyberspace security strategy stereo system, and actively seek a higher degree of cyberspace world hegemony, to ensure that the three core interests prosperity, security, the US government values ​​determined in cyberspace
　　President Obama took office, started the 60-day cyberspace security assessment, and in May 2009, issued a “cyberspace policy review.” In the report published ceremony, Obama delivered an important speech entitled “to protect the American network infrastructure”, specifies the development of new national cyberspace security strategy, led by the National Security Council, the integrated use of diplomatic, military, economic, intelligence and law enforcement “four in one” means ensuring security in cyberspace, so that the strategic concept of cyberspace Obama administration’s horizon.
　　1, cyberspace security threats as an excuse to network infrastructure as a national strategic asset, by all means to protect the security of cyberspace
　　US cyberspace strategy document, the threat is the highest frequency vocabulary appears. The United States believes in cyberspace Chiang Kai-shek himself facing a new invisible smoke of war, and has been at a disadvantage, worried about the future possible outbreak of “Network Pearl Harbor” or “medium” 9/11 “incident [10]. To this end, Obama came to power after repeatedly stressed, should the network security as part of national security strategy, the network infrastructure will be increased to protect national strategic asset. March 2009, the US Center for Strategic and International Studies, submitted to “ensure the new presidency cyberspace” first report’s recommendations is that the network is an important wealth of the country, “the United States will not hesitate to use all means of national power ensuring security in cyberspace. issued “cyberspace policy assessment report” in May 2009 that day, Obama said in a speech, cyber threats are “one of the most serious challenges to US economic and national security faced” network infrastructure will be regarded as a strategic national facility “to protect the facility will become a national security priority issue.” We can say that all US cyberspace strategy and policy documents are as a starting point.
　　2, to improve leadership and command system as the focal point, accelerate the construction of cyberspace deterrence systems and to build capacity-building network attacks.
　　Obama believes the US government cyberspace security agencies there strategic center of gravity is unknown, job functions overlap, lack of coordination and other issues, it is necessary to implement the leadership from the top, the overall coordination of network security mechanism. May 2009, the White House announced the formation of cyberspace security office, the president is responsible for the policy decision to provide cyberspace security, coordinate government policies and activities. A month later, the Defense Department announced the creation of Cyberspace Command, responsible for coordinating the US military deployment strategy and network security, unified US military command network warfare, network warfare forces to enter the United States so that harmonized development of the “fast track.” Thus, the United States to create an integrated and comprehensive national cybersecurity leadership system. Published in July 2011, “cyberspace operations strategy”, as the United States Department of Defense first report on cyberspace operations and comprehensive strategy to more effectively carry out military operations in cyberspace provides guidelines and a roadmap, marking the US military operations in cyberspace who has been officially transferred deployment and implementation phase. In 2012, US National Cyber ​​Range officially delivered military trial. In 2013, the United States Cyber ​​Command expanded from 900 people to 4900 people, announced the expansion of 40 network warfare units within three years. 2014, the US Department of Defense released the “Quadrennial Defense Review Report,” clearly put forward the “expansion of investment in new network capabilities, network building 133 task force.” It is noteworthy that from 2013 to the year 2014, the US declared war forces expansion of the network more than three times. Meanwhile, the US also increased efforts to carry out research and development of cyber weapons, arms only reached 2,000 kinds of viruses, and has already entered the US Weapon series. This series of actions that the objective to reach the US military in cyberspace than just ensure its own security in cyberspace, but to build a network to enhance deterrence system through cyberspace attack, towards the consolidation of its “system net power” in cyberspace . [2]
　　3, in order to emphasize international cooperation in cyberspace as a means to change and influence the political system and values ​​of other countries, and strive to maintain US hegemony
　　In May 2011 the United States issued “Cyberspace International Strategy”, the first time its foreign policy goals combined with cyberspace strategy, marking its focus has been disclosed by the ball itself will be extended to the entire range, while its output cyberspace has become an American an important platform for political models and values. Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates has publicly declared that the network is a “huge strategic American assets in favor of other countries to help promote democracy.” Since then the Department of Defense issued “cyberspace operations strategy” is the introduction of “collective defense” concept, showing the United States to establish a new military alliance in cyberspace intent. Obama Government has been changed over the years, the United States resisted, highly publicized international cooperation in cyberspace, partly because it recognizes that even a superpower like the United States, can not single-handedly solve the problems exist in cyberspace and, more importantly, the United States wants to use its strong network resources, through international action in cyberspace cyberspace control global leadership development, change and affect the political system and values ​​of other countries, to consolidate its hegemony in cyberspace . [4]
　　Second, the US Department of Defense the main features of the new cyber strategy
　　April 2015, the new cyber strategy US Department of Defense released a continuation of the Obama administration’s strategic vision of cyberspace, for the first time publicly that one should cyberwarfare as a future military conflict tactical options, an explicit proposal to improve cyberspace deterrence and offensive capability, put on active defense and deterrence posture initiative, reflects the next few years, the US space power network construction and distinctive features of related actions, highlighting the US attempts to dominate in cyberspace.
　　(A) exaggerated the threat facing the United States in cyberspace, cyberspace has continued to spread fear destruction, wanton shaping cyberspace at the national level enemy
　　The new cyber strategy with a larger strategic context described space, repeatedly stressed that the United States risks inherent in cyberspace environment, deliberately exaggerating the threat of cyberspace activities faced constantly looking for new threats, new enemy is the United States to shape the mindset of decision logic and tradition dictates . In the strategy paper publicly available, the “risk” and “threat” were two words appear up to 31 times and 46 times, claiming that the new cyber strategy risks and threats from both the basic structure of the Internet’s inherent ability to handle risks, but also from the interests of the enemies of the United States coveted American networks, systems and data intrusion and malicious damage. The new cyber strategy will be mainly determined by the previous target to prevent extremist network technology and combined adjusted to focus on the national level opponent, Russia, China, Iran, North Korea and other countries as the United States may constitute a threat to the network [1]. These presets national level opponents, both in order to show the necessity of the introduction of the new cyber strategy, but also the threat of the proliferation of network attacks fear of public opinion, and thus eliminate barriers for “Snowden” event generated between the private sector and , dilute the new cyber strategies on social interests and personal privacy violations, to further consolidate public support for DoD and government policies. This judgment with ideological bias and arbitrariness, high-handed and is a very dangerous act. In fact, the United States ahead of the field of security in cyberspace, no one country can be formed a fundamental threat to the United States.
　　(B) expressly DoD cyberspace strategic tasks and objectives, publicly cyberspace operations as a future military conflict tactical options, highlighting the US military in cyberspace deterrence and offensive posture.
　　The new cyber strategy identifies the Department of Defense “three major tasks” and “five strategic objectives,” first proposed to launch a cyber attack when US national interests are threatened, and asked the US Department of Defense “Developing viable network options into the DoD term plan “for the US president or secretary of defense to provide” full spectrum “of options, when it comes to their national interest to make a variety of decisions.Compared with 2011 the first release version of cyberspace emphasize defensive action by the major network security operations to “offensive action network” changes, and the new cyber strategy frequent word “deterrence”, a total appears 29 times, that the United States has gradually freedom “with precision-guided physical damage to cope with asymmetric means to deal with cyber attacks” on US deterrence into network attacks to protect US national cybersecurity strategy, squeezing US major strategic competitors cyberspace policy choices available. At the same time, the new cyber strategy first proposed holding cyberspace operations as a tactical option, option to control the use of network operations escalation of the conflict, create conflict environment. Visible, the new cyber strategy has been the traditional means of fighting the physical space and virtual cyberspace means of integration, clearly convey to the world the determination of the American retaliation and sufficient network capacity to implement retaliation, far beyond the active defense category, highlighting the United States will protect cyberspace, attacks and confrontation blend of deterrence and offensive posture. [1] [8]
　　(Iii) strengthen the integration with traditional combat power, build a comprehensive system of joint operations, with the power to launch cyber warfare system
　　US military cyberspace operations following the fifth field of land, sea, air, space after the new cyber cyberspace operations strategy requires the option into the Defense Department plans to ensure that all areas of military operations in cyberspace and physical space Action Action coordinated. The new cyber strategy proposed to mobilize all forces, build a comprehensive system of joint operations, including the Ministry of Defence led government departments, between government and enterprises and international concerted action. The new cyber strategy breakthrough in Cyberspace “civil-military separation” trend strategy, Cyberspace Command, National Security Agency, the organic integration of the Central Security Agency, the Ministry of Defence is responsible for network forces combat training and guidance to the intelligence network functions and network operations functions are distinguished by the Defense Department-led combat troops network. One important goal of the new cyber strategy is to build a 2018 offensive and defensive, flexible forms of cyberspace forces, including 133 teams from the 6200 Department of Defense and the military soldiers, civilian and contract employees and other components. Among them, 13 responsible for the national infrastructure network protection mandate national task forces and eight country support teams; 27 to assume the task of attacking the enemy’s network operations task force and 17 combat support units; 68 responsible for the protection of the United States Department of Defense and the military network protection force network and system security tasks. These actions show that the US military has been resolved cyberspace warfare establishment system, apparatus and equipment, and a series of joint integration bottlenecks, explore the formation of an effective mode of generating combat capabilities of network attack and defense, with the power to launch cyber warfare system. [7]
　　(Iv) continue to strengthen basic research and applied research, consolidate US leadership in the world in the field of network information for its dominate cyberspace to provide technical support.
　　For a long time, the US military has the advantage of science and technology as an important part of the national security strategy, and always will be technological innovation as the key to maintaining US military strength and capacity. As a network of information technology and the birthplace of the leader, the United States Department of Defense to maintain and expand the leading edge technologies that will continue to strengthen basic research and applied research, technology continues to improve deterrence and offensive capabilities in cyberspace. The new cyber strategy proposed, the Defense Department must build and command and control systems to increase investment, continues to accelerate technological innovation in the field of cyberspace, vigorously carry out research and development with significant advantages over the technology, focusing on staff training to improve cyberspace, effective organization basic research and applied research capacity for action needed to fully develop the required DoD cyberspace capabilities. In recent years, the United States looks to shape the full spectrum cyberspace operations capability can cope with all types of threats in the successful development of “chute”, “Fire” and “shock web” more than 2,000 kinds of network warfare weapons on the basis of increasing network space war frontier technology investment, and actively develop a new generation of network technology and virtual battlefield assault weapons, and network warfare weapons and conventional weapons integration, in order to achieve a variety of battlefield environment flexible ways to combat.The new cyber strategy conference selection in the birthplace of Silicon Valley Stanford University, in person at the Secretary of Defense Carter, will seek to show that the Ministry of Defence and a new mechanism between the private sector and research institutions, technology, people and information and cooperation, and develop a wide range of industries channel sector R & D cooperation, greatly enhance the ability to act in cyberspace, to provide a solid technical support for the United States to expand the network space interests, safeguarding cyberspace hegemony. [7]
　　Third, the construction of cyberspace security forces Inspiration
　　The new US Defense Department cyber strategy highlights the US military in cyberspace deterrence and offensive posture, releasing its attempt hegemony in cyberspace danger signal, and to our country as one of its main rivals in cyberspace, cyberspace is bound for China safety and national security have a profound impact. Faced with the threat of US cyberspace strategy, China should accelerate the pace of construction of power networks, and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty interests in cyberspace, safeguard national cyberspace security.
　　(A) firmly established Cyberspace Security Strategy in national security, strengthen national security in cyberspace top-level design, in line with China’s national conditions to speed up the formation of a military cyberspace security strategy system
　　President Xi pointed out that no network security is no national security, no information will be no modernization. This important exposition, clear cyberspace strategic position for the construction of the security forces of cyberspace provided a powerful impetus.Currently, the national cyberspace security forces involved in military dress, especially after fighting equipment sector, and national industry, finance, energy, transportation, education and other sectors. Therefore, we should focus on promoting the interdisciplinary, multisectoral cyberspace security system construction, the formation of strong guidance, perfect features, dynamic evolution of cyberspace security strategy system. National Cyberspace Security Strategy should carry out national cyberspace security situation assessment, clarify the department’s own cyberspace security policy, as well as the main tasks and the division of responsibilities in national security in cyberspace, military and civilian science linkage design, comprehensive coverage, responsive network space security forces system, organizational system and institutional system. Cyberspace military strategy should focus on military operations security, the implementation of self-defense and homeland defense needs collaboration, scientific planning cyberspace “reconnaissance, attack, defense, control” forces, specifically the construction of military use of cyberspace timing, principles and tasks, as well as synergies with local forces. Cyberspace International Strategy should focus oppose hegemony in cyberspace, cyberspace governance rights and fight for the right to speak, and resolutely safeguard national cyberspace sovereign interests and development interests, and actively promote the peaceful development and common prosperity of the international cyberspace.
　　(Ii) accelerate the construction of an appropriate scale, combined offensive and defensive cyberspace security forces, and constantly improve the network space combat capability, to provide strategic support for the maintenance of national security in cyberspace
　　To effectively respond to threats in cyberspace main rival joint operations and information technology support to high-quality compound talents as the main body, accelerate the construction of electricity network integration, hardware and software combination, both offensive and defensive cyberspace power system, focusing on the development of intelligence and reconnaissance capabilities, integrated attack, defense capabilities and affect the control system capacity to effectively meet the security and defense tasks require effective counterattack. At present, shall be in accordance with the strategic and operational level, based on the national and military security and electronic warfare forces network-based, command, reconnaissance, attack, defense, “three wars” and six security forces to focus the power of the network set up directly under the army’s troops and the attachment of various branches / departments of strategic and security reconnaissance, attack, defense, “three wars” four network power forces the enemy to achieve the Internet, critical infrastructure, national defense information network, information systems and other defense battlefield combat. Technical support base in accordance with cyberspace security needs, the establishment of core technology research and development equipment, offensive and defensive range, a number of joint combat exercises and other technical support base, to provide technical support for the network equipment research, development, testing and evaluation.
　　(C) to strengthen cyberspace theoretical research, and actively explore cyberspace mode of generating combat, and strive to improve the combat capability of our army cyberspace
　　In the process of the evolution of the war, military battlefield Game by plane, three-dimensional multi-dimensional virtual battlefield to battlefield extended form, combat and operational means of war is undergoing revolutionary change, to win victory in future wars but no longer rely on bullets and explosives byte strings and no longer rely on the military but on the scale of the number of botnets, will nurture and birth of a new doctrine. Accelerate innovation in cyberspace combat theory, system analysis of the historical evolution of human warfare, to find common characteristics and laws of war, exploring new ideas that may occur in the military field, the new theory, in-depth study of cyberspace doctrine, doctrine, combat styles, and elements cyberspace power system composed of the elements of its own scientific judgment and changes in the relationship between the shape of cyberspace changes and evolution. Increased interdependence cyberspace winning mechanism, system analysis cyberspace and physical space constraints and mutual enhancement of mutual relations, in-depth mechanism, attack and defense mechanism, the mechanism of the effect of war in cyberspace right, and the mechanism of self-organizing collaborative research, and actively explore cyberspace winning new mechanisms and new ways. Actively explore cyberspace combat formation mechanism, focusing on national cyberspace security strategies to enhance the combat effectiveness of troops starting point, the system analyzes cyberspace combat formation structure, composition and structure analysis of the interaction between the various elements of the fighting, a network of scientific space combat effectiveness the new model provides a solid theoretical innovation for our military in cyberspace can fight to win the war.
　　(D) seize the new round of technological change information network a major opportunity, and vigorously promote the development of self-control cyberspace security core technology and key equipment, consolidate our network security space technology base.
　　For a long time, the United States use of network information technology security threat to other countries, for the recent implementation of high-performance computing technology embargo, indicating that it will not easily give up the leading international cyberspace security right to speak. After the “Prism” incident, the world is generally recognized that there is no core technology, key equipment and self-controlled, cyberspace will be the lifeblood of the hands of others, have increased self-controlled information network construction. Currently, a new round of worldwide information network technology is ushering in a new wave of development, the development of large data, networking, quantum information, cutting-edge cloud computing and other emerging technologies are driving traditional information network technology to enter the replacement stage, to promote the network basis for, the system shape and space technology security mechanism profound changes. Should make full use of information network technology upgrading precious “time window”, to focus the forefront of key technologies in the emerging field of security basic, global impact of cyberspace, increase their own information network technology and independent information industry development efforts continue promoting the “nuclear high base” of major projects, and actively create the ecological environment of self-control application, determined to get rid of cyberspace security key technologies the kinds of passive situation, the lifeblood of the national cyberspace security technology and industrial development firmly in control of their own hands.
　　(E) give full play to the advantages of our system, promote China’s cyberspace security forces and civilian integration development, to build military and civilian science linkage, peacetime and wartime national cyberspace security system
　　Cyberspace has a “peacetime and wartime, civil-military one” determined by the characteristics of cyberspace security system must take military and civilian integration development model.Important features of the new US Department of Defense cyberspace security strategy is to mobilize the army of human, technical and industrial resources, accelerate the formation of cyberspace prominent military and technological superiority. China should give full play to the advantages of the system and network advantages of a big country, and actively promote the cyberspace combat forces military and civilian integration, fully absorb the military, local professional and technical strength and nurture talent in the private sector network attack and defense, national parties formed a unified command under the system of ” power system main force “and” guerrilla “a combination of; by improving the organization and leadership to build civil-military integration, program planning, collaborative innovation and industrial development at the national cyberspace security system, and promote the development of dual-use network information technology to optimize civil-military dual network information industry layout, accelerate the formation of “galloping market can not only battle-hardened” information technology industrial base; establish and improve civil-military integration network defense mobilization system, a clear linkage military and civilian cyberspace security system and operation mechanism, promote the integration of military and civilian network space action joint exercises, and actively explore how to play the power of the people’s war in cyberspace, condensed balance enemies, against tremendous energy hegemony, the realization of China’s power network by the network power to leap.
Original Mandarin Chinese:
隨著對網絡空間的依存度不斷提​​高，美國將網絡空間安全納入到國家安全戰略範疇，先後頒布《網絡空間政策評估》、《網絡空間國際戰略》、《網絡空間行動戰略》等一系列政策性文件，加快構建網絡空間安全的戰略體系，大力加強網絡作戰力量建設，以實現對網絡空間控制的霸權地位。 2015年4月，美國防部又發布《網絡空間戰略》(下文簡稱“新版網空戰略”)概要，首次公開表示將網絡空間行動作為今後軍事衝突的戰術選項之一，表明美國已突破了網絡空間作戰的編制體制、武器裝備、融入聯合等一系列瓶頸問題，形成了網絡攻防的有效模式，具備了發動網絡戰爭的全部能力。

一、美國網絡空間戰略演變
美國網絡空間安全戰略思想發端於20世紀中後期，在克林頓與布什政府時期得到進一步充實和發展，最終形成了《網絡空間安全國家戰略》。自2009年奧巴馬政府以來，先後發布了一系列戰略文件，為美國建構了一個立體的網絡安全戰略體系，對國際政治和國際安全局勢產生了重大影響。
（一）在克林頓及布什政府時期，網絡空間安全進入到美國國家安全戰略範疇，頒布了首份《網絡空間安全國家戰略》。
克林頓政府將信息產業作為新興支柱產業大力扶持，推動了互聯網的高速發展，也使美國對於網絡的依賴上升到了前所未有的程度，信息產業成為美國最大的產業，1995-1998年期間對美國經濟增長的實際貢獻率達35%以上。 1999年底公佈的《美國國家安全戰略報告》首次界定了美國網絡空間安全利益構成，認為網絡安全威脅對美國國家安全構成挑戰，提出了通過國際合作等方式防範網絡空間安全風險的初步設想。 2000年初出台《保衛美國的網絡空間——保護信息系統的國家計劃》，成為美國維護網絡空間安全的第一份綱領性文件。推出這份文件的另一個重要動因是美國政府試圖通過制定新的遊戲規則，確保美國在網絡空間中分配財富的權力，建立強大的、不斷增長的創新型美國經濟。 [12]
布什政府自“9·11”事件後，改變了美國的安全觀，將網絡空間發展戰略從“發展優先”調整為“安全優先”，並於2003年頒布了《網絡空間安全國家戰略》。該戰略明確了網絡空間安全的戰略地位，將網絡空間定義為“確保國家關鍵基礎設施正常運轉的’神經系統’和國家控制系統”，對網絡空間安全形勢做出了新的判斷，認為新形勢下恐怖敵對勢力與信息技術的結合對美國國家安全構成嚴峻威脅，明確將網絡空間安全提高到國家安全的戰略高度。該戰略報告與2002年頒布的《美國國家安全戰略》、《美國國土安全國家戰略》等報告，構成了“9·11”事件後美國新的國家安全戰略體系。 [12]
（二）奧巴馬政府著力打造美國網絡空間安全立體戰略體系，積極謀求更高程度的網絡空間世界霸權，確保美國政府在網絡空間所確定的繁榮、安全、價值觀三大核心利益
奧巴馬總統上任伊始，就啟動了為期60天的網絡空間安全評估，並於2009年5月，發布了《網絡空間政策評估報告》​​。在該報告的發布式上，奧巴馬發表了題為《保護美國網絡基礎設施》的重要講話，指定由國家安全委員會牽頭制定新的國家網絡空間安全戰略，綜合運用外交、軍事、經濟、情報與執法“四位一體”的手段確保網絡空間安全，從而使奧巴馬政府的網絡空間戰略構想初露端倪。
1、以網絡空間安全威脅為藉口，把網絡基礎設施上升為國家戰略資產，將不惜一切手段保護網絡空間安全
美國網絡空間戰略文件中，威脅是出現頻率最高的詞彙。美國認為，自己在網絡空間中正面臨著一場新的看不見硝煙的戰爭，且已處於劣勢，擔心未來可能爆發“網絡珍珠港”或是“網上‘9·11’”事件[10]。為此，奧巴馬上台後不斷強調，應把網絡安全作為國家安全戰略的一部分，將網絡基礎設施上升為國家戰略資產加以保護。 2009年3月，美國戰略與國際問題研究中心提交的《確保新總統任內網絡空間安全》報告提出的第一條建議就是，網絡是國家的重要財富，“美國將不惜動用一切國家力量之手段確保網絡空間安全。在2009年5月發布《網絡空間政策評估報告》​​的當日，奧巴馬發表講話稱，網絡威脅是“美國經濟和國家安全所面臨的最嚴重的挑戰之一”，網絡設施將被視為戰略性國家設施“保護該設施將成為國家安全的優先課題”。可以說，美國所有網絡空間戰略及相關政策文件都是以此為出發點。
2、以完善領導指揮體係為著力點，加快構建網絡空間威懾體系，著力打造網絡攻擊能力建設。
奧巴馬政府認為，美國政府網絡空間安全機構存在著戰略重心不明、工作職能重疊、缺乏協調配合等問題，因此必須從最高層實施領導，全面協調網絡安全機制。 2009年5月，白宮宣布組建網絡空間安全辦公室，負責為總統提供網絡空間安全方面的決策方針，協調政府相關政策與活動。一個月後，國防部宣布創建網絡空間司令部，負責協調美軍網絡安全策略及部署，統一指揮美軍網絡戰，使得美國網絡戰力量進入統一協調發展的“快車道”。由此，美國打造了一體化的綜合性國家網絡安全領導體制。 2011年7月公佈的《網絡空間行動戰略》，作為美國防部首份有關網絡空間作戰行動的綜合戰略，更為美軍有效開展網絡空間行動提供了指南和路線圖，標誌著美軍網絡空間軍事行動已正式轉人部署與實施階段。 2012年，美國家網絡靶場正式交付軍方試用。 2013年，美網絡司令部由900人擴編到4900人，宣布3年內擴建40支網絡戰部隊。 2014年，美國防部發布《四年防務評估報告》​​，明確提出“投資新擴展的網絡能力，建設133支網絡任務部隊”。值得關注的是，從2013年到2014年一年中，美軍宣稱網絡戰部隊擴編3倍以上。與此同時，美國還加大力度開展網絡武器的研發，僅病毒武器就達2000多種，且早已進入美軍武器序列。這一系列動作表明，美軍在網絡空間要達成的目標絕不僅僅是保證自身網絡空間安全，而是要通過提升網絡空間攻擊能力構建網絡威懾體系，實現鞏固其在網絡空間的“製網權” 。 [2]
3、以強調國際網絡空間合作為手段，改變和影響其他國家的政治體系和價值觀念，力求維護美國霸權地位
2011年5月美國出台《網絡空間國際戰略》，首次將其外交政策目標與網絡空間戰略結合在一起，標誌著其關注重點已公開由自身擴展到整個球範圍，同時網絡空間也成為其輸出美式政治模式和價值觀的重要平台。原國防部長蓋茨曾公開宣稱，網絡是“美國巨大的戰略資產，有利於幫助其他國家推進民主”。此後出台的國防部《網絡空間行動戰略》更是引入“集體防禦”理念，展現了美國要在網絡空間建立新軍事同盟的意圖。奧巴馬政府之所以一改美國多年來的抵制態度，高調宣傳網絡空間國際合作，一方面是因為它認識到，即使是美國這樣的超級大國，也不可能憑一己之力解決網絡空間存在的種種問題，更重要的是，美國希望利用自己雄厚的網絡資源，通過在網絡空間的國際行動掌控全球網絡空間發展領導權，改變和影響其他國家的政治體系和價值觀念，鞏固自身在網絡空間的霸權地位。 [4]
二、美國防部新版網空戰略主要特點
2015年4月，美國防部發布的新版網空戰略，延續了奧巴馬政府對網絡空間的戰略構想，首次公開表示要把網絡戰作為今後軍事衝突的戰術選項之一，明確提出要提高網絡空間的威懾和進攻能力，擺出積極防禦和主動威懾的姿態，折射出未來數年美軍網絡空間力量建設和相關行動的鮮明特點，彰顯了美國在網絡空間稱霸的圖謀。
（一）誇大美網絡空間面臨的威脅，不斷擴散網絡空間遭受破壞的恐懼，恣意塑造網絡空間國家層級的敵人
新版網空戰略用較大篇幅描述戰略背景，反復強調美國網絡空間環境蘊含的風險，蓄意誇大網絡空間活動面臨的威脅，不斷尋找新威脅、塑造新敵人是美國思維定勢和決策邏輯的傳統使然。在公開發布的戰略文件中，“風險”和“威脅”兩詞分別出現高達31次和46次，新版網空戰略聲稱這些風險和威脅既源於互聯網基本架構防範風險能力的先天不足，也源於覬覦美國利益的敵人對美國網絡、系統和數據的惡意入侵和破壞。新版網空戰略將主要目標確定由此前以防範網絡技術與極端主義結合為重點調整為國家層級的對手，將俄羅斯、中國、伊朗、朝鮮等列為可能對美國構成網絡威脅的國家[1]。預設這些國家層級的對手，既是為了顯示推出新版網空戰略的必要性，也是在公共輿論中擴散對網絡攻擊威脅的恐懼，進而消除因“斯諾登”事件與私營企業之間產生的隔閡，淡化新版網空戰略對社會利益和個人隱私的侵害，更進一步鞏固公眾對國防部和政府政策的支持。這種判斷帶有主觀隨意性和意識形態偏見，是一種霸道和非常危險的行徑。事實上，美國在網絡空間安全領域遙遙領先，沒有哪一個國家能對美國形成根本性威脅。
（二）明確國防部網絡空間戰略任務和目標，公開把網絡空間作戰作為今後軍事衝突的戰術選項，凸顯了美軍在網絡空間的威懾和進攻態勢。
新版網空戰略明確了國防部“三大任務”和“五項戰略目標”，首次提出美國國家利益受到威脅時可發動網絡攻擊，並要求美國防部“開發可行的網絡選項，融入國防部各項規劃”，為美國總統​​或者國防部長提供“全頻譜”的選擇方案，以便其在涉及國家利益的時候能夠做出各種決策。與2011年首次發布版本相比，網絡空間行動由主要強調防禦性的網絡安全行動向“採取進攻性網絡行動”轉變，並且新版網空戰略中頻繁出現“威懾”一詞，共出現29次，表明美國已經逐漸將“用精確制導的物理毀傷來應對網絡攻擊的不對稱應對手段”，納入到威懾對美國網絡攻擊、保障美國國家網絡安全戰略、擠壓美國主要戰略競爭對手的網絡空間行動自由的策略選擇之中。同時，新版網空戰略第一次提出將保持網絡空間行動作為戰術選項，運用網絡行動選項控制衝突升級，塑造衝突環境。可見，新版網空戰略已將傳統的物理空間作戰手段與虛擬的網絡空間作戰手段相融合，向世界清晰地傳遞了美國進行網絡報復的決心和實施報復的足夠能力，遠遠超出了主動防禦的範疇，凸顯了美國將網絡空間的保護、攻擊和對抗融為一體的威懾和進攻態勢。 [1] [8]
（三）加強與傳統作戰力量融合，構建全方位聯合作戰體系，具備了發動網絡戰爭的力量體系
網絡空間是美軍繼陸地、海洋、天空、太空後的第五作戰領域，新版網空戰略要求把網絡空間行動選項融入到國防部計劃中，確保軍事行動的所有領域中網絡空間行動與物理空間行動協調一致。新版網空戰略提出要動員各方力量，​​構建全方位的聯合作戰體系，包括由國防部主導政府部門間、政企間和國際間的協同行動。新版網空戰略突破了網絡空間戰略“軍民分隔”的態勢，將網絡空間司令部、國家安全局、中央安全署有機融合，由國防部負責網絡部隊的作戰訓練和指導，從而將網絡情報職能與網絡作戰職能進行區分，由國防部主導網絡作戰部隊。新版網空戰略的重要目標之一是至2018年建成一支攻防兼備、形式靈活的網絡空間部隊，包括由6200名國防部和軍事部門的軍人、文職人員和合同員工等組成的133支小組。其中，13支擔負國家基礎設施網絡防護任務的國家任務部隊和8支國家支援小組；27支擔負攻擊敵網絡系統任務的作戰任務部隊和17支作戰支援部隊；68支擔負保護美國國防部及軍隊網絡和系統安全任務的網絡保護部隊。這些動作表明，美軍已經解決了網絡空間戰的編制體制、裝備設備、融入聯合等一系列瓶頸問題，探索形成了網絡攻防戰鬥力生成的有效模式，具備了發動網絡戰爭的力量體系。 [7]
（四）繼續加強應用研究和基礎研究，鞏固美在網絡信息領域的世界領先優勢，為其稱霸網絡空間提供技術支撐。
長期以來，美軍一直將科學技術優勢作為國家安全戰略的重要組成部分，始終將科技創新作為維持美軍作戰優勢能力的關鍵。作為網絡信息技術的發源地和引領者，美國防部為保持和擴大技術領域的領先優勢，將繼續加強應用研究和基礎研究，不斷提升網絡空間的技術威懾和進攻能力。新版網空戰略提出，國防部必須在人員培訓、有效組織構建和指揮控制系統方面加大投入，繼續加速網絡空間領域的技術創新，大力開展具有重大優勢的跨越性技術的研發，聚焦提高網絡空間行動能力所需的基礎研究和應用研究，全面發展國防部所需的網絡空間作戰能力。近年來，美國著眼塑造可應對各類威脅的全頻譜網絡空間作戰能力，在成功研發“舒特”、“火焰”和“震網”等2000多種網絡戰武器的基礎上，不斷加大網絡空間作戰前沿技術投入，積極研發虛擬戰場技術和新一代網絡攻擊性武器，並將網絡戰武器與傳統武器進行整合，以實現在戰場環境中靈活的多種打擊方式。新版網空戰略發布會選擇在矽谷發源地的斯坦福大學進行，國防部長卡特親自前往，表明國防部將尋求與私營部門和研究機構間技術、人員和信息聯繫與合作的新機制，廣泛拓展與工業部門合作研發的渠道，大力提升網絡空間行動能力，為美國拓展​​網絡空間利益、維護網絡空間霸權提供堅實的技術支撐。 [7]
三、對我國網絡空間安全力量建設的啟示
美國國防部新版網空戰略凸顯了美軍在網絡空間的威懾和進攻姿態，釋放出其圖謀網絡空間霸權的危險信號，並把我國列為其網絡空間的主要對手之一，必將對我國網絡空間安全乃至國家安全帶來深刻影響。面對美國網絡空間戰略威脅，我國應加快網絡強國建設步伐，堅決捍衛國家網絡空間主權利益，維護國家網絡空間安全。
（一）牢固確立網絡空間安全在國家安全中的戰略地位，加強國家網絡空間安全的頂層設計，加快形成符合我國國情軍情的網絡空間安全戰略體系
習主席指出，沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全，沒有信息化就沒有現代化。這一重要論述，明確了網絡空間安全的戰略地位，為我國網絡空間安全力量建設提供了強大動力。當前，國家網絡空間安全涉及軍隊軍政後裝尤其是作戰、裝備部門，以及國家工業、金融、能源、交通、教育等部門。為此，應著眼推進跨領域、多部門網絡空間安全體系構建，形成指導有力、要素完善、動態演化的網絡空間安全戰略體系。國家網絡空間安全戰略應深入開展國家網絡空間安全態勢評估，明確各部門自身網絡空間安全策略，以及在國家網絡空間安全中的主要任務和職責分工，科學設計軍民聯動、覆蓋全面、反應敏捷的網絡空間安全力量體系、組織體系和製度體系。網絡空間軍事戰略應著眼軍事行動安全、實施自衛反擊和協同國土防禦需要，科學規劃網絡空間“偵、攻、防、控”力量建設，明確網絡空間軍事力量建設運用的時機、原則和任務，以及與地方力量的協同關係。網絡空間國際戰略應著眼反對網絡空間霸權、爭奪網絡空間治理權和話語權，堅決維護國家網絡空間主權利益、發展利益，積極推動國際網絡空間的和平發展和共同繁榮。
（二）加快建設一支規模適度、攻防結合的網絡空間安全力量，不斷提高網絡空間實戰能力，為維護國家網絡空間安全提供戰略支撐
著眼有效應對網絡空間主要對手威脅和支撐信息化聯合作戰，以高素質複合型人才隊伍為主體，加快構建網電一體、軟硬結合、攻防兼備的網絡空間力量體系，重點發展情報偵察能力、綜合攻擊能力、體系防禦能力和影響控制能力，有效滿足安全防禦和有效反擊任務需要。當前，應按照戰略和戰役層次，立足國家和軍隊網絡安全和電子對抗力量基礎，以指揮、偵察、攻擊、防禦、“三戰”和保障六支力量為重點，設置直屬全軍的網絡力量部隊和配屬各軍兵種/戰略和安全部門的偵察、攻擊、防禦、“三戰”四支網絡力量部隊，能夠實現對敵國際互聯網、關鍵基礎設施、國防信息網、戰場信息系統等進行防禦作戰。技術保障基地按照網絡空間作戰保障需要，建立核心裝備技術研發、攻防靶場、聯合作戰演練等若干技術保障基地，為網絡裝備研究、開發、試驗與評估提供技術支撐。
（三）加強網絡空間作戰理論研究，積極探索網絡空間戰鬥力生成模式，著力提高我軍網絡空間作戰能力
在戰爭發展演變的進程中，軍事博弈已由平面戰場、立體戰場向虛擬多維戰場延伸，戰爭的形態、作戰方式和作戰手段正發生革命性變革，贏得未來戰爭勝利不再依靠子彈和炸藥而是字節和字符串，不再依靠軍隊規模而是依靠殭屍網絡的數量，必將孕育和催生新的作戰理論。加快網絡空間作戰理論創新研究，系統分析人類戰爭的歷史演變，尋找戰爭的共同特點和規律，探索軍事領域可能出現的新思想、新理論，深入研究網絡空間作戰理論、作戰原則、作戰樣式，以及網絡空間作戰的力量體系的要素組成，科學判斷各要素自身及相互關係的變化對網絡空間作戰形態的變化和演進。加強網絡空間作戰制勝機理研究，系統分析網絡空間與物理空間的相互依存、相互制約和相互增強等關係，深入開展網絡空間制權機理、攻擊與防禦機理、作戰效果機理、自組織協同機理等方面的研究，積極探索網絡空間作戰制胜新機理、新途徑。積極探索網絡空間戰鬥力生成機理，著眼國家網絡空間安全戰略，以提高部隊戰鬥力為基點，系統剖析網絡空間戰鬥力生成結構，分析結構中各戰鬥力要素的組成和相互作用關係，科學形成網絡空間戰鬥力生成的新模式，為我軍在網絡空間能打仗打勝仗提供堅實的創新理論。
（四）抓住新一輪信息網絡技術變革重大機遇，大力推動網絡空間安全核心關鍵設備和技術的自主可控發展，夯實我國網絡空間安全的技術基礎。
長期以來，美國利用網絡信息技術優勢對別國進行安全威脅，近期針對我國高性能計算實施技術禁運，表明其不會輕易放棄主導國際網絡空間安全的話語權。 “棱鏡”事件後，世界各國普遍意識到，沒有核心關鍵設備和技術的自主可控，網絡空間安全的命脈就會掌握在別人手裡，紛紛加大自主可控信息網絡建設力度。當前，世界範圍內新一輪信息網絡技術正迎來新的發展浪潮，大數據、物聯網、量子信息、雲計算等新興前沿技術的發展，正推動傳統信息網絡技術進入更新換代階段，推動網絡空間的技術基礎、系統形態和安全機理髮生深刻變化。應充分利用信息網絡技術更新換代的寶貴“時間窗”，聚焦前沿新興領域中對網絡空間安全具有基礎性、全局性影響的核心關鍵技術，加大自主信息網絡技術和自主信息產業發展力度，持續推進“核高基”重大專項，積極營造自主可控應用的生態環境，下決心擺脫網絡空間安全核心關鍵技術受制於人的被動局面，將國家網絡空間安全的技術和產業發展的命脈牢牢掌控在自己手中。
（五）充分發揮我國製度優勢，推進我國網絡空間安全力量軍民融合式發展，科學構建軍民聯動、平戰結合的國家網絡空間安全體系
網絡空間具有“平戰結合、軍民一體”的特點，決定了網絡空間安全體系必須採取軍民融合發展模式。美國國防部新版網絡空間安全戰略的重要特點，就是廣泛動員軍民人力、技術和產業資源，加快在網絡空間形成突出的軍事和技術優勢。我國應充分發揮制度優勢和網絡大國的優勢，積極推動網絡空間作戰力量的軍民融合發展，充分吸納軍隊、地方專業技術力量以及孕育在民間的網絡攻防人才，形成國家統一指揮體制下的各方“主力軍”和“游擊隊”相結合的力量體系；通過完善構建軍民融合的組織領導、規劃計劃、協同創新和產業發展的國家網絡空間安全體系，推動軍民兩用網絡信息技術的發展，優化軍民兩用網絡信息產業佈局，加快形成“既能馳騁市場又能決戰沙場”的信息科技產業基礎；建立完善軍民融合網絡國防動員體系，明確網絡空間安全軍民聯動體制和運行機制，推動軍民融合的網絡空間行動聯合演習，積極探索如何在網絡空間中發揮人民戰爭威力，凝聚制衡強敵、反對霸權的巨大能量，實現我國由網絡大國向網絡強國的飛躍。

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China Internet Soverignty, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces

China Information Warfare – China’s Basic Form of a Future War //中國信息化戰爭—中國未來戰爭基本形態

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中國信息化戰爭—中國未來戰爭基本形態

In the 21st century, the rapid development of high technology and extensive application, and promote the development and evolution of combat weapons and equipment, and promote the transformation and innovation and the development of institutional military doctrine, which triggered a new revolution in military affairs. Information warfare will eventually replace mechanized war, become the basic form of war. Information warfare refers to occur in the information age, information-based, using information technology as a tool of war weaponry of war. Information warfare does not change the nature of war, but the war must take into account the outcome of the mentor and the consequences of war, first in the pursuit of strategic guidance on how to achieve “the enemy without fighting the soldiers,” the strategic victory, the kind of large-scale physical destruction at the expense of traditional warfare will be greatly constraints and limitations.

Knowledge has become the main source of war to destroy the force　　on the right in terms of information (quantity and quality) dependence, the past is not any war and information war. In conventional war, the two sides focus more on comprehensive contest on the basis of physical force. Such as mechanized war, mainly for steel contest, contest the whole country is full of large industrial machinery production capacity. Information war contest does not exclude physical force, but more important is the contest of knowledge, innovation ability and speed of innovation contest. Knowledge will become the main source of war to destroy force, “an ounce of effect of silicon computer generated perhaps more than a ton of uranium is also big.”

Firepower, mobility, information, constitute an important part of modern military combat capability, and the ability of information has become the primary indicator to measure the level of combat capability. Information capabilities, performance in terms of information acquisition, processing, transmission, and use of confrontation, to be manifested through information superiority and competition control. Information superiority, in essence, in the understanding of the enemy at the same time prevent the enemy to understand one’s own situation, confrontation is a dynamic process. It has become a fight for air supremacy, command of the sea, land control of the premise of a direct impact on the process and outcome of the war. Of course, people will always be the master of information warfare. Plan and organize and direct the war from people completely dominated increasingly dependent on technology to develop human-machine combination of military quality requirements are higher. Information from the advantages of competition to the final decision superiority into more competitive knowledge and wisdom.

War forces will move toward information, intelligence　　forces of war are directly and indirectly referred to the various forces for war, to fight the information war, natural rely heavily on information, intelligence and information technology military weapons and equipment.

The most basic of war, the most significant feature is the use of the most advanced scientific and technological achievements to create the most advanced instruments of war. Information weapons and equipment is developed on the basis of mechanized equipment, such as C4ISR systems, precision-guided weapons, information warfare equipment and various high-tech combat platforms.They are highly knowledge-intensive tools of war, and thus can not be compared with the traditional tools of war performance, functionality, operational capabilities and effectiveness. At the same time, they play to the performance level and the operational level, directly restricted information, information systems and information capabilities. 　　The army is the army of information technology refers to using information technology to weapons armed with the information age. Its unprecedented level of integration will enhance the overall combat capability more powerful, emphasizing optimal combination of combat capability, the services are just part of joint combat forces. At the same time, the size of the forces become smaller, more flexible and diverse forms of grouping, vertical command structure will also benefit from the tree into a flat network architecture. From the subordinate command relationship changed multilayer horizontal communication, and down one command relationships, delayering, put as many combat units into the same level of information, information sharing, shorten the information flow to meet the real-time command decision Claim.

War mode will tend to systematic, precise　　Technological development determines the evolution of tactics. With the development of weapons and equipment, the scale of war is also growing, the most prominent battlefield extended to three-dimensional space from the plane: from land to sea and air space, and then, from the visible to the invisible electromagnetic space and information space, it has formed armed day one dimensional, tangible and intangible space space Blending the new operational environment. This network battlefield is great depth, three-dimensional high, dilute the distinction between front and rear, major changes have taken place in time and space, both traditional air, naval, marine, electronic warfare, and more will be a new web-based attacks information warfare. Rely on the support of information networks, through the orderly flow of information, all combat operations within the space really blending together.

In the past, a new weapon tends to cause relatively large impact, obtain better operational effectiveness. But in the modern battlefield, the two sides are no longer hostile confrontation between a single or a few branches, but not a single weapon system confrontation, but confrontation between systems. In the information war, the extent of such a system of confrontation and even more will not emphasize the operational performance of tanks, aircraft, warships and other single combat platform, but rather to highlight the overall performance of information technology weaponry system, pay attention to multiple armed services, comprehensive combat effectiveness of a variety of weapons and equipment.

Destroy the enemy is an important part of the war. Mechanized warfare, anti-surface fire mostly destroyed, such as fire suppression, carpet bombing, saturation-type attacks. This operational mode corresponding to the extensive mode of production of the industrial age, reflecting the idea of a war of attrition, to victory in that time, space, energy, supplies and other aspects of continuous consumption and weaken the power of the enemy, and finally defeat the enemy. The precision strike in line with the characteristics and requirements of the information age, but also reflects the basic characteristics of information warfare. Intensive production model of the information age emphasizes effectiveness, efficiency, effectiveness. Weapons and equipment level of intelligence and combat accuracy was greatly improved, can be done “pinpoint” type of destroyed; also can be accurate, non-physical damage, such as psychological warfare and information warfare. In addition, the precision strike can also significantly reduce collateral damage, so that the development and the process of social civilization synchronization war, war means more conducive to play its unique role.

Course of the war would be short, controlled – the rhythm of information warfare significantly accelerated course of the war will become shorter and shorter, but the intensity is getting high, and humanity as a whole control of the war also significantly enhanced. 　　Army should pay more attention to the quality of the information age and effectiveness. Winning quality from quantity into winning, it is one of the significant change in the war. Such as the combination of high-tech precision-guided weapons and combat platforms used to enhance the ability of the enemy to combat the standoff embodiment, can greatly reduce the loss of one’s own operations; continually improve the accuracy of the attack, it can greatly reduce the number of weapons consumption. World War II in 9000 to use bombs to blow up a goal, now 1-2 as long as missiles or guided bombs can solve the problem, operational tempo and the natural process will be faster.

Layers of advancing successive war, set small victories, this contact, wire is typical of traditional methods of warfare combat visual feedback. In information warfare, from the contact, non-line operations will be the main form of combat operations will be launched simultaneously in all the whole depth of space combat and battlefield, the primary targets will point directly to the enemy center of gravity. Especially powerful information warfare, even in the enemy without the knowledge of the state, it is possible to make several hacker instant enemy paralyzed economic and social, to quickly achieve the purposes of war.

Source: http://www.china001.com/

Original Mandarin Chinese:

進入21世紀，高技術的迅猛發展和廣泛應用，推動了武器裝備的發展和作戰方式的演變，促進了軍事理論的創新和編制體制的變革，由此引發新的軍事革命。信息化戰爭最終將取代機械化戰爭，成為未來戰爭的基本形態。信息化戰爭是指發生在信息時代、以信息為基礎、以信息化武器裝備為戰爭工具的戰爭。信息化戰爭不會改變戰爭的本質，但戰爭指導者必須考慮到戰爭的結局和後果，在戰略指導上首先追求如何實現“不戰而屈人之兵”的全勝戰略，那種以大規模物理性破壞為代價的傳統戰爭必將受到極大的約束和限制。

知識成為戰爭毀滅力的主要來源

就對信息（數量和質量）的依賴程度而言，過去的任何戰爭都不及信息化戰爭。在傳統戰爭中，雙方更注重在物質力量基礎上的綜合較量。如機械化戰爭，主要表現為鋼鐵的較量，是整個國家機器大工業生產能力的全面競賽。信息化戰爭並不排斥物質力量的較量，但更主要的是知識的較量，是創新能力和創新速度的競賽。知識將成為戰爭毀滅力的主要來源，“計算機中一盎司矽產生的效應也許比一噸鈾還大”。

火力、機動、信息，是構成現代軍隊作戰能力的重要內容，而信息能力已成為衡量作戰能力高低的首要標誌。信息能力，表現在信息獲取、處理、傳輸、利用和對抗等方面，通過信息優勢的爭奪和控制加以體現。信息優勢，實質就是在了解敵方的同時阻止敵方了解己方情況，是一種動態對抗過程。它已成為爭奪制空權、制海權、陸地控制權的前提，直接影響著整個戰爭的進程和結局。當然，人永遠是信息化戰爭的主宰​​者。戰爭的籌劃和組織指揮已從完全以人為主發展到日益依賴技術手段的人機結合，對軍人素質的要求也更高。從信息優勢的爭奪到最終轉化為決策優勢，更多的是知識和智慧的競爭。

戰爭力量將走向信息化、智能化

戰爭力量是可直接和間接用於戰爭的各種力量的統稱，打信息化戰爭，自然離不開信息化、智能化的武器裝備和信息化軍隊。

戰爭最基本、最顯著的特徵，就是利用當時最先進的科學技術成果製造最先進的戰爭工具。信息化武器裝備是在機械化裝備基礎上發展起來的，如C4ISR系統、精確制導武器、信息戰裝備和各種高技術作戰平台等。它們都是知識高度密集型的戰爭工具，因而具備傳統戰爭工具無法比擬的性能、功能、作戰能力和效果。同時，它們作戰效能的高低和發揮程度，直接受到信息、信息系統和信息能力的製約。

信息化軍隊是指用信息化武器裝備武裝起來的信息時代的軍隊。其一體化程度將空前提高，整體作戰能力更強大，強調作戰能力的優化組合，各軍種都只是聯合作戰力量的一部分。同時，兵力規模將趨於小型化，編組形式更加靈活多樣，指揮體制也將從垂直樹狀結構轉變為扁平網絡結構。即從上下級多層指揮關係改為橫向溝通、上下一體的指揮關係，減少層級，把盡可能多的作戰單元納入同一個信息層次，實現信息共享，縮短信息流程，以滿足實時化指揮決策的要求。

戰爭模式將趨於體系化、精確化

技術的發展決定著戰術的演變。隨著武器裝備的發展，戰爭規模也在日益擴大，突出表現為戰場從平面向立體空間擴展：由陸地到海洋再到空中和太空，從有形空間到無形的電磁和信息空間，已形成了陸海空天四維一體、有形空間與無形空間相互交融的新型作戰環境。這種網絡化戰場是大縱深、高立體的，前後方區別淡化，時空觀都發生了重大變化，既有傳統的空戰、海戰、陸戰、電子戰，更會出現全新的以網絡攻擊為主的信息戰。依靠信息網絡的支撐，通過信息的有序流動，所有作戰空間內的作戰行動真正地融合為一體。

過去，一件新式武器往往會造成比較大的影響，獲得較好的作戰效果。但在現代戰場上，敵對雙方已不再是單一或少數軍兵種之間的對抗，更不會是單一武器系統的對抗，而是體係與體系的對抗。在信息化戰爭中，這種體系化對抗的程度更甚，將不再強調坦克、飛機、軍艦等單件作戰平台的作戰性能，而是突出信息化武器裝備體系的整體效能，注重發揮多個軍種、多種武器裝備的綜合作戰效能。

消滅敵人是戰爭的重要內容。在機械化戰爭中，火力摧毀主要是面殺傷，如火力壓制、地毯式轟炸、飽和式攻擊等。這種作戰方式對應於工業時代的粗放型生產模式，反映了消耗戰的思想，制勝之道在於從時間、空間、能源、補給等方面不斷消耗和削弱敵人的力量，最後戰勝敵人。而精確打擊符合信息時代的特徵和要求，也反映了信息化戰爭的基本特點。信息時代的集約型生產模式講求效能、效率、效益。武器裝備的智能水平和打擊精度也獲得極大的提高，可做到“點穴式”的摧毀；同時還可以進行精確的非物理性毀傷，如心理戰、信息戰等。另外，精確打擊還可以大幅度降低附帶毀傷，使戰爭的發展與社會文明進程同步，更有利於戰爭手段發揮其獨特作用。

戰爭進程將是短暫的、可控的

信息化戰爭的節奏明顯加快，戰爭進程將變得越來越短，但強度卻越來越高，而人類對戰爭的整體控制能力也在顯著增強。

信息時代的軍隊更注重質量和效能。由數量製勝轉變為質量製勝，是戰爭發生的顯著變化之一。如精確制導武器和高技術作戰平台的結合使用，增強了從敵人防區外實施打擊的能力，可大大降低己方的作戰損失；攻擊精度的不斷提高，可大大減少武器消耗數量。第二次世界大戰中要用9000枚普通炸彈才能炸毀一個目標，現在只要1－2枚導彈或製導炸彈就可以解決問題，作戰節奏和進程自然會越來越快。

層層推進，逐次交戰，集小胜為大勝，這種接觸式、線式作戰是傳統作戰方法的典型直觀反映。而在信息化戰爭中，脫離接觸式、非線式作戰將成為主要形式，作戰行動將在所有作戰空間和戰場全縱深同時展開，首要打擊目標將直接指向敵人重心。尤其是信息戰威力巨大，甚至在敵人毫不知情的狀態下，幾個黑客頃刻間就有可能令敵國經濟和社會陷入癱瘓，從而迅速達成戰爭目的。

China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China Military Review: Special Operations Forces: The “strategic dagger” of US Foreign Military Operations // 中國軍事評論特种作战部队：美对外军事行动的“战略尖刀”

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中國軍事評論特种作战部队：美对外军事行动的“战略尖刀”

来源：解放军报   Since World War II, special operations on its unique flexibility, efficiency, asymmetry, is increasingly becoming an important means to safeguard the strategic interests of the United States the way to deal with the threat of challenges. In recent years, the US military special operations forces is the task type from traditional warfare to expand the area of ​​non-traditional field of battle, much to replace conventional forces to become the protagonist of battlefield information, acts as a US foreign military operations “strategy knife” of the situation.

    War sharpening “of the United States Blade”

Although modern special operations began in World War II, but its position fully aware of the role of the US military and is widely used in the practice of war after World War II. In almost all previous local wars and regional conflicts in the United States to intervene, or can be hidden or US Special Operations Forces found the figure, during record and failure of innovation and development have become the US military special operations “grindstone” so special operations the “United States of Blade,” the increasingly sharp.

Vietnam War can be said that the US large-scale, long the first attempt of special operations. During the war, US special operations forces are widely assumed to wipe out the guerrillas, special reconnaissance, sabotage attack, trainers and other “counter-insurgency” operations, and implementation of the attack, such as Vietnam prisoner of war camps Shanxi operations. Although the injustice of war and strategic guidance mistakes, tactical advantage the US has never been able to get the special operations strategy into a winning situation, sadly had to withdraw troops from Vietnam, but special operations forces in the war revealed adaptability, mobility, concealment, but be sure to get high-level US military, and has been the focus used in subsequent wars and armed conflicts.

In 1980, in order to rescue the detained American Embassy in Iran, more than 60 staff, 97 US special operations long-range raid from Cairo to Tehran. Since the aircraft suddenly encountered sandstorms and failures in the course of action, combined with ill emergency plan, the US military was forced to cancel plans. But the US military did not lose heart, but pay more attention to the lessons learned on the basis of a strong push development of special operations. April 1987, the US Special Operations Command was officially established, special operations forces govern the land, sea and air belongs marks SOF as an independent fighting force officially on the United States in war.

Subsequently, the invasion of Panama in 1989 action, the 1991 Gulf War, the war in Afghanistan in 2001, the 2003 Iraq war and the 2011 war in Libya, the US military will be more and more frequently used for special operations forces and strategic direction of the main season for completion one by one “mission impossible.” Especially in the war in Afghanistan, with the help of advanced information technology tools, the US special operations forces to work independently, creatively objective guidance, penetration strike, buy com collapse, US forces defeated the Taliban regime in a short time to achieve the purposes of war.

US special operations forces continue to promote the development, almost “every battle will be special,” The reason is: First, responsive, compiled capable, able to quickly respond to local emergencies and asymmetric threats; the second is action concealed, sudden strong often the enemy unexpectedly, with minimal resources quickly achieve strategic goals, action to reduce the risk; Third flexible means of warfare, as campaign “global strike” strategic concept important choice; four is better able to fight with other forces joint operations, conventional and unconventional forming closely integrated combat system.

 Great support system under the “sword easy road”

With the evolution of new military revolution in depth, US Special Operations increasingly showing the non-contact combat, to fight the elite fighting from the contact-scale operations, from strategic weapons platform support to support the system, from traditional areas to new areas of the rapidly evolving situation, special combat troops because it can carry out specific tasks to perform conventional forces should not be difficult to complete or to become military to defeat the enemy “killer.”

Trend direct command and control strategy. US Special Operations command and control consists of national and theater-level combat troops and three grade levels. Under normal circumstances, the national command authorities, Special Operations Command, Command theater, theater of military services under the command or function Command commander level performed by operational control. With the mandate of privacy, sensitivity continues to improve, more and more stressed by the US military strategic level special operations were “direct” type vertical command, enhanced controllability operational flexibility. For example, in 2011, and the residence of the US military in Pakistan killed Osama bin Laden raid, Obama and his decision-making team thousands of miles away from the White House situation room, through remote video, real-time synchronization command. This action fully reflects the strategic nature of special operations.

Special blitz highlighting system support. “Tactical operations, strategic support; elite action, system support; local action, global support” has become a significant feature of the US military special operations. Still killed Osama bin Laden, “Neptune Spear” raid, for example, in this battle, on the surface of the US military deployed only four helicopters, 24 “Seal” commandos, it took less than 40 minutes to kill al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden summit. But behind both heaven 35 satellites and more than 40 aircraft to provide a strong information security, there collusion aircraft carrier battle groups at sea, on land as well as support for two military bases in Central Asia, as well as various support ten thousand security personnel. This is a typical “large system support elite action” reflects the profound new form of war in the information age.

Towards a comprehensive joint operations. The US military believes, “joint” is one of the special nature of warfare requires the full participation of the military services and the depth of collaboration. Currently, the US Special Operations not only achieved with the Air Force from the “sensor to shooter” joint, greatly improving its “spike” combat capability, but also to break the union with CIA covert operations, the CIA intelligence-gathering capabilities and special operations forces strike capability combine complementary advantages. Especially after Afghanistan “Operation Enduring Freedom”, the US military special operations but will work with conventional forces from the joint campaign sink to the level of the tactical level, to achieve integrated operations teams level. According to statistics, code-named “Mountain Storm” military implementation of the 2004 crackdown, the US special operations troops with conventional forces conducted 62 joint tactical operations, 40 of which action is implemented in the company level, in action 22 battalion level performed.

The effect of a strike action to pursue the enemy. US Special Operations always attached importance to a direct attack on the enemy’s high-value targets in an attempt to speed up the process of speedy combat strategic objectives. From the recent local wars practice, often other US Special Operations Leadership Summit and pre-emphasis as targets, the implementation of the so-called “decapitation attack” by the sudden rapid surprise attacks, to “lock on”, a hit enemy’s strategic effect. For the first time on the war in Iraq from Saddam to use such tactics, the war in Libya Gaddafi trick, while not directly reach the goal, but the US military special operations against enemy decision-making psychological shock is immeasurable, greatly shaken each other’s will to resist, played a “strike hard” and “soft kill” double effect. It is envisioned that the US military this “sword pay” type of special operations will also continue to unfold.

 Efforts to forge “global power”

Currently, the US has special operations, combat drones and network operations as of great importance for the future operations of the “New Trinity” power, to focus on building, hoping to build a responsive, both small and hard, multi-dimensional and multi-functional special war “global power.”

Strengthening overseas deployment, to expand the number scale. Recently, the US significantly reduced military presence overseas, but the number of overseas US Special Operations forces have been continuously increased, but also a significant increase in the deployment of the number of countries and regions. According to reports, the end of the Bush administration, the US Special Operations Forces deployed in about 60 countries worldwide, to increase to 75 by 2010. As of 2015, the United States Special Operations Forces have been deployed to the world’s 135 countries. To meet the growing demand of the task, in the various branches of the background of widespread layoffs, the US special operations forces increased rather than decreased, the number from 2001 to 2014, 3.3 million to nearly 70,000 people, an increase of about one times, of which 80% deployed overseas. American executives believe scale special operations forces deployed abroad, will significantly improve the ability of US military intervention in global affairs in particular to respond to emergencies.

Optimizing operational grouping, build new units. In order to meet the diverse nature of the war on terror style, US special operations forces structure adjustment pace has accelerated noticeably. In recent years, the focus adjustment is: narrow special operations group size to achieve power “downsizing”; to add a new task forces have been established in the Civil Command, irregular warfare and psychological warfare wing brigade, enhance the combat capability of non-traditional areas, to achieve carry out the task “diversity”; optimization special operations units grouped according to the type of task, we will act flexibly experts, communications specialists, psychologists, explosives experts and other personnel mixed grouping of different expertise, improve the ability to adapt to complex battlefield, combat units to achieve “synthesis of . ”

Comprehensive update equipment, enhance the quality of new combat capability. In recent years, the US military continued to increase investment, research and development of new special operations equipment: First, “Individual Combat System”, mainly by the laser range finder, cameras, environmental sensors, ballistic computer and target tracking device component, with automatic transmission and shielding against was behind the target function, improve the combat capability independent of man; the second is a remote delivery tool to improve special operations MC-130H aircraft and purchase V-22 tilt-rotor aircraft, airborne accurate terrain-following radar, navigation systems and high-speed aircraft resistance, enhance special operations forces behind enemy lines and remote mobile penetration; the third is a new concept weapons, the main enemy is the destruction of electronic equipment computer viruses, electromagnetic pulse weapons. These new weapons once the troops will enable the US military special operations means richer, more diverse mission areas.XX

Not every commandos wore green berets

– Special Forces decryption

■ Chronicles Dazhaoweibin

In American terms, “special operations forces” (Special Operation Forces) and the “Special Forces” (Special Forces) are two concepts exist simultaneously. The former US Special Operations Command is under the jurisdiction of all forces referred to, including the Army Special Forces, 75 commandos, Navy Seals, “Delta” Force and SEAL Team 6; the latter refers specifically to the Army Special Forces, known as “Green Beret hat “forces. The force is due to Kennedy personally authorized to wear with other branches of the military are not the same Green Beret named.

It has a long history with the CIA origins very well. In 1952 the US created its first “Green Beret” troops, is to OSS (the predecessor of the CIA), “Jed fort” under the leadership of troops as a template. During World War II, “Jed fort” team was ordered to enter the territory of France, Belgium and the Netherlands were occupied, providing weapons and supplies for the resistance groups area, and act as the Supreme Allied Command with contact channels. Responsible for the formation of the force, Colonel Allen Burbank was a veteran of the Office of Strategic Services, the CIA after playing for, has a wealth of experience in covert operations. The task force was originally given is: Suppose the Soviet occupation of Western Europe, they will remain in the Soviet front organization behind the unconventional war. So far, unconventional warfare remains one of the core tasks of the Special Forces.Since the task often requires secrecy in times of peace or war before it started to prepare, and execute peacetime area of ​​responsibility belongs to the CIA’s covert operations mission, so often we need to work with the CIA when the Special Forces carry out such tasks or simply placed under the leadership of the CIA. CIA Special Operations agents are often recruited from the Special Forces veterans, it is not surprising.

Clear division of responsibility area worldwide. “Green Beret” troops now compiled five active duty brigades and two by the National Guard usually responsible for the supervision of trained reserve brigade. Five active-duty brigade Total Posts a million people, are responsible for the Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Americas and Europe in five regions, corresponding to the formation of the US theater setting.According to their topography, political ecology, military deployment, the local language and customs of their respective areas of responsibility, etc., to carry out targeted training.Some troops were deployed in a long-term task of the region belongs to the friendly countries to better combat environment where the familiar. Under the big division, and each brigade has a very fine internal division of labor. A Special Forces squad as the basic combat unit, and its 12 members are familiar with the operations, intelligence, weapons, engineering, medical, communications expertise in one of the six, and by cross-training to master one to two additional expertise.

Ability comprehensive, one play multiple roles. Compared to the commando skills to the extreme to show “Delta” force and “SEAL Team 6”, “Green Beret” troops skill players is more comprehensive and balanced, they not only have excellent commando skills, but also possess a the US military called a “diplomatic warrior” skills that language and culture skills, interpersonal skills and political sensitivity. Due to the wide implementation of anti-terrorism, reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare task, they have to play a role not only heroic commandos, more mature, alert and flexible intelligence agents, coaches and diplomats. In the recruitment process, the “Green Berets” force requirements should recruit must go through foreign language skills tested, along with social communication, military training, weapons, operational and organizational aspects of directing talent. Taking into account the language and cultural skills through short-term training is difficult to obtain, often targeting special forces in recruiting those with an ethnic minority background or appearance, with skilled foreign language ability. Shortlisted players to accept the harsh physical and fighting skills, while also learning psychological warfare course and language intensive training to ensure that they are trained to play multiple comprehensive ability and quality possible.

Frequent use of the name rarely made public. Since the formation of the “green beret” troops will be frequently used, but in view of the confidentiality of their duties, as well as its inherent low profile style, the message about these tasks rarely made public, it is difficult to see in newspapers. For example, in the late 1950s, they have been sent to Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, South Korea, Indonesia and other places, for the training of local forces; in 1967 was sent to Bolivia, Bolivian Army responsible for training camp do not move, and to assist them killed the central figure of the Cuban revolution, Che Guevara; in 1989 a large-scale invasion of Panama participated in the “just cause” to overthrow Noriega regime. After the Cold War, the United States authorities for their use continues unabated. “Desert Storm” operation, they were deployed in advance to Kuwait and Iraq depth zone, execute several months of secret reconnaissance missions provided an important headquarters for the coalition military intelligence; aggression in Afghanistan “Enduring Freedom” operation, they had a beard riding a mule, local people dressed in costumes, under air fire support, the leadership of the Northern Alliance armed overthrow of the Taliban regime.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

    自从第二次世界大战以来，特种作战就以其独特的灵活性、高效性、不对称性，日益成为美国维护战略利益、应对威胁挑战的重要手段方式。近年来，美军特种作战部队更是将任务类型从传统作战领域拓展至非传统作战领域，大有取代常规部队成为信息化战场主角，充当美国对外军事行动“战略尖刀”之势。

    战火磨砺“美利坚之刃”

虽然现代特种作战发端于第二次世界大战，但其地位作用被美军充分认识并广泛应用于战争实践则在二战以后。几乎在美国插手的历次局部战争和地区冲突中，都能或隐或现地发现美军特种作战部队的身影，其间的战绩与败笔都成为美军创新发展特种作战的“磨刀石”，使特种作战这一“美利坚之刃”愈加锋利。

越南战争可以说是美军实施大规模、长时间特种作战行动的首次尝试。战争期间，美军特种作战部队广泛承担了清剿游击队、特种侦察、袭击破坏、培训人员等“反暴乱”作战任务，实施了诸如偷袭越南山西战俘营等作战行动。虽然由于战争的非正义性和战略指导的失误，美军始终无法将特种作战取得的战术优势转化为战略胜势，不得不从越南战场黯然撤兵，但特种作战部队在战争中显露出的适应性、机动性、隐蔽性，却获得美军高层肯定，并在随后的战争和武装冲突中得到重点使用。

1980年，为解救被扣押的60多名美国驻伊朗使馆人员，97名美军特战队员从埃及开罗长途奔袭德黑兰。由于在行动过程中突遇沙暴和飞机故障，加之应急预案不周，美军被迫取消计划。但美军并没有丧失信心，反而更加注重在总结经验教训的基础上强力推动特种作战发展。1987年4月，美军正式成立特种作战司令部，统辖陆、海、空所属的特种作战力量，标志着特种作战部队作为一支独立的作战力量正式登上美国战争舞台。

随后，在1989年入侵巴拿马行动、1991年海湾战争、2001年阿富汗战争、2003年伊拉克战争以及2011年利比亚战争中，美军越来越频繁地将特种作战部队用于主要战略方向和关键时节，完成了一个个“不可能的任务”。特别是在阿富汗战争中，借助先进的信息化手段，美军特种作战部队独当一面，创造性地将目标引导、渗透打击、收买瓦解融为一体，使美军在短时间内实现打垮塔利班政权的战争目的。

美军不断推动特种作战部队发展，几乎“每战必特”的原因在于：一是反应灵敏、编成精干，能够快速应对地区性突发事件及非对称威胁；二是行动隐蔽性、突然性强，往往出敌不意，能以最小资源快速达成战略目的，有效降低行动风险；三是作战手段灵活多样，可以作为“全球打击”战役战略构想的重要选择；四是能够较好地与其他作战力量联合行动，形成常规与非常规紧密结合的一体化作战体系。

 大体系支撑下的“剑走偏锋”

随着新军事变革深入演进，美军特种作战日益呈现出从接触作战向非接触作战、从规模作战向精兵作战、从武器平台支撑向战略体系支撑、从传统领域向新型领域快速演变的态势，特种作战部队因为能够遂行常规部队不宜执行或难以完成的特殊任务，成为美军克敌制胜的“杀手锏”。

指挥控制趋向战略直达。美军特种作战的指挥控制由国家级、战区级和作战部队级三个层次构成。通常情况下，由国家指挥当局、特种作战司令部、战区司令部、战区下属军种部队司令部或职能司令部的指挥官按级进行作战控制。随着所执行任务的隐秘性、敏感性不断提高，美军越来越强调由战略高层对特种作战进行“直达式”垂直指挥，增强行动的可控性灵活性。例如，2011年，美军在巴基斯坦突袭本·拉丹住所并将之击毙时，奥巴马和他的决策团队在万里之遥的美国白宫情报室，通过远程视频，进行实时同步指挥。这次行动充分体现了特种作战的战略特质。

特种闪击突出体系支撑。“战术行动，战略支撑；精兵行动，体系支撑；局部行动，全局支撑”已成为美军特种作战的显著特征。仍以击毙本·拉丹的“海王星之矛”突击行动为例，在这场战斗中，表面上美军仅出动4架直升机、24名“海豹”特战队员，用了不到40分钟就击毙了基地组织首脑本·拉丹。但在背后，既有天上35颗卫星、40余架飞机提供强大情报保障，又有海上航母编队接应，还有陆上2个美军驻中亚军事基地的支援，以及近万名各类支援保障人员。这是一次典型的“大体系支撑精兵行动”，深刻折射出信息时代的新战争样式。

作战行动走向全面联合。美军认为，“联合”是特种作战本质之一，需要各军种的全面参与和深度协作。目前，美军特种作战不但实现了与空军从“传感器到射手”的联合，大大提高了其“秒杀”作战能力，而且突破了与中央情报局秘密行动的联合，将中情局情报搜集能力与特种作战部队打击能力有机结合，实现优势互补。尤其是在阿富汗“持久自由行动”以后，美军特种作战更是将与常规部队的联合从战役层次下沉至战术层次，实现小分队一级的一体化作战。据统计，2004年美军实施的代号“山地风暴”清剿行动中，美特种作战部队就与常规部队进行了62次联合战术行动，其中40次行动是在连一级实施的，22次行动是在营一级进行的。

行动效果追求一击制敌。美军特种作战历来重视对敌方高价值目标的直接打击，企图以此加快作战进程迅速达成战略目的。从近期几场局部战争实践看，美军特种作战经常将对方首脑及领导层作为先期重点打击目标，实施所谓的“斩首攻击”，通过突然迅猛出其不意的攻击，达到“一剑封喉”、一击制敌的战略效果。从伊拉克战争首次对萨达姆使用这种战法，到利比亚战争对卡扎菲故技重施，虽然没有直接达成目的，但美军的特种作战对敌方决策层的心理震撼却是不可估量的，极大动摇了对方的抵抗意志，起到了“硬打击”与“软杀伤”的双重功效。可以预想，美军这种“剑走偏锋”式的特种作战还将会不断上演。

 着力锻造“全球力量”

当前，美军已将特种作战、无人机作战和网络作战列为对未来作战有重大意义的“新三位一体”力量，加以重点建设，希望打造一支反应灵敏、既小又狠、多维多能的特战“全球力量”。

强化海外部署，扩大规模数量。近期，美军大幅减少海外军事存在，但海外美军特种作战部队人数却在不断增加，部署国家和地区数量也在显著上升。据报道，小布什政府末期，美军特种作战部队大约部署在全球60个国家，到2010年增加至75个。截至2015年，美国特种作战部队已经部署到世界上135个国家。为了满足不断增长的任务需求，在各军兵种普遍裁员的大背景下，美军特种作战部队不减反增，人数从2001年的3.3万人增至2014年的近7万人，增加了约一倍，其中80%部署在海外。美军高层认为，扩大特种作战部队海外部署的规模，将显著提高美军介入全球事务特别是应对突发事件的能力。

优化作战编组，增建新型部队。为适应反恐战争样式多样化的特点，美军调整特种作战部队结构的步伐明显加快。近几年调整重点为：缩小特种作战小组规模，实现力量“小型化”；增加新的任务部队，陆续组建民事司令部、非正规战联队及心理战大队，增强非传统领域作战能力，实现遂行任务“多元化”；优化特种作战分队编组，根据任务类型，灵活将行动专家、通信专家、心理专家、爆破专家等不同专长人员进行混合编组，提高复杂战场适应能力，实现作战单元“合成化”。

全面更新装备，提升新质作战能力。近年来，美军不断加大投入，研发新型特种作战装备：一是“单兵战斗系统”，主要由激光测距仪、摄像机、环境传感器、弹道计算机以及目标跟踪装置组成，具有自动发射和打击遮蔽物背后目标的功能，提高单兵独立作战能力；二是远程投送工具，改进MC-130H特种作战飞机和采购V-22偏转翼飞机，利用机载精确的地形跟踪雷达、导航系统以及飞机高速性，提升特种作战部队远程机动和敌后渗透能力；三是新概念武器，主要是破坏敌电子设备的计算机病毒、电磁脉冲武器等。这些新武器一旦装备部队，将使美军特种作战手段更加丰富，任务领域更加多样。

不是每名特战队员都戴绿色贝雷帽

——美国陆军特种部队解密

■史志达　赵蔚彬

在美军术语中，“特种作战部队”（Special Operation Forces）与“特种部队”（Special Forces）是同时存在的两个概念。前者是美军特种作战司令部下辖所有部队的统称，包括陆军特种部队、75突击队、海豹突击队、“三角洲”部队和海豹6队等；后者则专指陆军特种部队，即“绿色贝雷帽”部队。该部队因被肯尼迪亲自授权佩戴与其他兵种不一样的绿色贝雷帽而得名。

历史悠久，与中情局渊源甚深。1952年美军组建第一支“绿色贝雷帽”部队，便是以战略情报局（中情局前身）领导下的“杰德堡”部队为模板。二战期间，“杰德堡”队员曾受命进入被占领的法国、比利时和荷兰境内，为该地区抵抗组织提供武器和补给，并充当其与盟军最高指挥部的联系渠道。负责组建该部队的阿伦·班克上校曾是战略情报局的一名老兵，后效力于中情局，有着丰富的秘密行动经验。该部队最初被赋予的任务是：假设苏联占领西欧，他们将留在苏军战线后方组织非常规战。至今，非常规战依然是美国陆军特种部队的核心任务之一。由于该任务往往需要在和平时期秘密进行或在战争打响之前就做好准备，而和平时期执行秘密行动任务属于中情局的责任领域，所以特种部队执行此类任务时往往需要与中情局合作或干脆置于中情局的领导之下。中情局特别行动处的特工往往从特种部队老兵中招募，也就不足为奇。

分工明确，责任区域覆盖全球。“绿色贝雷帽”部队现编5个现役大队和2个平时由国民警卫队负责训练督导的后备役大队。5个现役大队总员额一万余人，分别负责太平洋、非洲、中东中亚、美洲和欧洲五个区域，与美国战区设置形成对应。他们根据各自责任区域的地形、政治生态、军事部署、当地语言和风土人情等特点，开展针对性训练。有些部队被长期部署在所属任务区域的某个友好国家，以更好地熟悉那里的作战环境。在大的分工之下，每个大队内部又有着极为精细的分工。作为特种部队最基本的作战单元的A小队，其12名队员分别谙熟作战、情报、武器、工程、医疗、通信六项专长中的一项，同时通过交叉训练掌握另外一到两项专长。

能力全面，一身扮演多重角色。相比将突击队技能展现到极致的“三角洲”部队和“海豹6队”，“绿色贝雷帽”部队队员的技能则更加全面和均衡，他们不仅拥有出色的突击队技能，还拥有一种被美军称为“外交勇士”的技能，即语言文化技能、人际交往能力和政治敏感性。由于广泛执行反恐、侦察、外国内部防卫、非常规战等任务，他们要扮演的角色不仅是英勇善战的突击队员，更是成熟、机警而灵活的情报员、教练员和外交官。在招募过程中，“绿色贝雷帽”部队要求应招人员必须经过外语技能测试，同时具备社会交际、军事训练、武器操作和组织指挥方面的天赋。考虑到语言和文化技能难以通过短期训练取得，特种部队在招募时往往瞄准那些具备少数民族背景或外貌、具备熟练外语能力的人。列入备选名单的队员在接受严酷的体能和战斗技能训练的同时，还要学习心理战课程并进行语言方面的强化训练，确保他们练就身兼多能的全面能力素质。

运用频繁，名字很少见诸报端。自组建以后，“绿色贝雷帽”部队便被频繁使用，但鉴于他们任务的保密性，以及其固有的低姿态作风，关于这些任务的消息很少公之于众，更是难见报端。比如上世纪50年代中后期，他们先后被派往泰国、越南、菲律宾、韩国、印尼等地，用于训练当地部队；1967年被派往玻利维亚，负责训练玻利维亚陆军别动营，并协助他们杀害了古巴革命核心人物切·格瓦拉；1989年大规模参与了入侵巴拿马的“正义事业”行动，推翻了诺列加政权。冷战结束后，美国当局对他们的运用有增无减。“沙漠风暴”行动中，他们被提前部署到科威特和伊拉克境内的纵深地带，执行为期数月的秘密侦察任务，为联军司令部提供了重要军事情报；在侵略阿富汗的“持久自由”行动中，他们留着胡须、骑着骡马、身着当地人民的服装，在空中火力的支援下，领导北方联盟武装推翻了塔利班政权。

来源：解放军报