中國軍事戰雲 ~ Chinese Military Use of the Battle Cloud

“Cloud” is a metaphor of the network, the Internet, “cloud concept” is one of the hottest high-tech concept in recent years, its Internet, efficient, shared and other characteristics, not only profound impact and change our lives, Is also promoting major changes in the military field. In 2013, the US Air Force for the first time the “cloud concept” into the field of operations, put forward the “operational cloud” concept, and quickly get the US Department of Defense, Navy and other military recognition, and gradually become the US military response to the 21st century, a new information war Strategy.

Why –

Intended to build the new US military superiority

In the 21st century, the US military has launched a number of wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and Syria in the name of anti-terrorism and the suppression of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Every time the war is almost entirely dominated by powerful information and firepower, Quickly won the war. But the US military has a clear sense of this: the above war a few US military did not encounter a truly strong opponent, the war in the United States to grasp the absolute air power and the right to information under the low confrontation environment, the future if the loss of absolute space and information advantages , The US military will be difficult to maintain control of the battlefield. The US military believes that if you want to maintain a sustained battlefield advantage in future wars, facing an unprecedented “threat and challenge”:

Rival strong “anti-entry / regional denial” threat. The US military believes that its information in previous local wars, the advantages of firepower, mainly rely on a strong space-based information systems, large-scale maritime combat platform, joint command and control center, etc., and in the “opponents into the area and the ability to continue Enhance the “background, especially in the face of a large number of” precision-guided long-range cruise missiles and ballistic missiles “threat, these traditional strengths and the strength of the US military to rely on these forces formed by the combat style” will not be renewed, “” opponents Can be a small number of key nodes through the attack quickly paralyzed US military combat power system.

The Challenges of Advanced Combat Weapons and Backward Combat. In the new century, after a large number of equipment F-22 advanced stealth fighters, the US military has ushered in F-35 fighters, DDG-1000 missile destroyers, Ford-class aircraft carrier and other highly informative weapons and equipment. But the appearance of the US military command and control, but also remain in the 2003 “free Iraq” action, highly dependent on satellite, early warning aircraft and other core equipment platform “network-centric war” era. Former US Air Force Secretary Mike Wayne exclaimed: “Just as the use of the 20th century mechanized forces in the First World War was fighting in the 19th century, we now have the danger of fighting in the twentieth century in the twentieth century. “The US military in urgent need of new operational theory to activate the new information technology equipment combat potential,” to regain the US military and rival superiority. ”

Combat power to maintain the challenges with the defense budget tightening. In the United States “financial crisis” “debt crisis” and “national security needs continue to grow” and other factors, the US military arms are also caught in financial dilemma. In the same report, the US Air Force is mainly from the old A-10, F-15/16, B-1, B-1, the first deputy chief of staff, 52 aircraft and B-2 and a small number of F-22, F-35, not enough to meet the opponent’s “anti-entry and regional denial” capabilities, and called to “change strategy” to deal with “available for defense resources The proportion of decline “challenge.

These “threats and challenges” that the US military consider themselves are the context of the concept of “operational cloud”.

Core concept –

To achieve a variety of platforms cross-domain joint operations

In the face of these new “threats and challenges”, in January 2013, the US Air Force Air Combat Command Commander Michael Ostić first proposed the “operational cloud” concept program. In 2014, David de Putura on its basis, the “operational cloud” concept of a comprehensive program, pointed out: “similar to the way cloud computing, ‘combat cloud’ is a kind of military air force use Decentralized air combat, in the evolution of the data chain, anti-jamming communication systems and new targeting tools to support the realization of the air, ground, sea and space field information sharing capabilities jump, and thus maximize the stealth aircraft, accurate Combat weapons, advanced command and control systems, and the combined use of unmanned systems to create large, modular and flexible combat capabilities to ensure that enemies’ attacks on single combat units will not paralyze US operations.

In the same year, the United States “Aviation Week” released a “operational cloud” concept map, described by the orbital space reconnaissance / communications / navigation satellites, airborne early warning aircraft, F-15/16 fighter, maritime aviation battle group, and in-depth integrated air defense system F-22/35 stealth fighter, RQ-180 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, new long-range bomber (LRS-B) and other multi-dimensional combat unit, jointly build the “air superiority cloud” development prospects, more clearly show the US military “combat Cloud “concept of the whole picture.

From the above US military interpretation and description of the concept of “operational cloud”, we can roughly analyze the characteristics of the US military “operational cloud” and its basic ideas to deal with “threats and challenges”

Battlefield information cross – domain integration. “Combat cloud” relying on “evolving data link, anti-jamming communication system” and other advanced battlefield information network, and “new targeting tool” and other new battlefield sensor system, large data and cloud computing and other information network technology support , Will be widely distributed in space, near the space, air, ground, sea and underwater combat platform of the battlefield intelligence information integration, and real-time seamless operation in the various areas of the platform on-demand distribution. “Combat cloud” formed by the “information sharing capabilities”, both to ensure that the US military on the battlefield on demand is highly transparent, but also to avoid the “anti-entry / regional denial” ability of opponents, its space-based information system , Large-scale maritime combat platform, joint command and control center and other key information nodes “break a little, paralysis of a” situation. The US military envisages that in the “battle cloud” system, the absence of any one or more battlefield nodes will not decisively influence the sharing and distribution of information on the unity of its battlefield.

Group strength distribution operations. With the traditional combat forces of the air forces according to the platform attribute classification allocation, according to the administrative means of combining different ways, “combat cloud” through the “continuous evolution of the data chain, anti-jamming communication system”, the arms of the air force to ” Decentralized air combat form “, according to real-time task requirements, online optimization configuration combination, the formation of” modular “group strength. Each group of forces in a highly integrated cross-domain integration of information support, through the “operational cloud” system of efficient scheduling and control, distribution operations. This group of forces distribution mode of operation, not only inherited the “network-centric war” to obtain the advantages of information, and further developed from the information to the fire distribution, target damage transformation advantages, significantly reduced the combat ” – Review “cycle chain, comprehensively enhance the combat effectiveness of US military information equipment.

Cross – platform platform synergies. Through the “battle cloud” battlefield information cross-domain integration capabilities, three generations of four generations of combat platform to gain dive into the enemy of the five generations of stealth combat platform, unmanned combat platform target information, to achieve an effective blow to the depth of the battlefield; But also to get three generations of four generations of combat platform for long-range fire support, to make up for their own lack of volatility. “Combat cloud” of this inter-generation platform synergies, is considered the US military to deal with “power and financial dilemma” an important means. In September 2014, the outgoing Michael Ostić at the annual meeting of the American Air Force Association made it clear that the US Air Force did not have enough budget to form a full five fleet, to fulfill the role of the Air Force, the highest priority The task is to achieve the “four generations and five generations” of information fusion, collaborative operations.

Development status –

Is changing from concept to actual action

As soon as possible to the “operational cloud” concept program into a practical state, in the United States Department of Defense co-ordination and traction, the US military arms and arms are in line with their own military functions and equipment characteristics, to promote their own “combat cloud” project construction and experiment verification.

Ministry of Defense steadily traction “cloud” infrastructure and conceptual improvement. As early as 2009, the US Department of Defense proposed a concept of data sharing at sea, air and space, and tried to apply the increasingly sophisticated Internet technology to tactical intelligence. In July 2012, the US Department of Defense Chief Information Officer signed the “Ministry of Defense cloud computing strategy” to the military strategy in the form of advancing the process, and continued to carry out “cloud” related storage facilities, computing platform and software services. At present, the US Department of Defense has identified this concept as a “war cloud”, and from the arms and arms, industrial sector and academia deployed personnel, work together to create a perfect “combat cloud” concept program, the ultimate goal is to form an arch Data network, expansion and upgrading of the existing “global information grid” to achieve the maritime warships, combat aircraft, space satellite real-time data sharing.

Each army and arms competing to carry out “combat cloud” project construction. The Air Force is the pioneer of the concept of “operational cloud”, which argues that the key to achieving the “operational cloud” is information fusion and the focus of the “Sky Advantage Cloud” on F-15/16 and F-22/35 Five generations of information on the exchange of information. In 2014, the “Multi-Domain Adaptive System (MAPS) Program” was launched to attempt to integrate the F16-16 Link16 data link, the F-22 IFDL data link, and the F-35’s MADL data link to achieve battlefield data Real-time exchange. US Navy also through the “Naval Integrated Fire Control and Air Defense (NIFC-CA) program” to achieve its use of air E-2D early warning aircraft or sea “Aegis” ship and other combat platforms for the F / A-18E / F and F- 35C and other carrier-based aircraft and the “standard” series of ship-to-air missiles to provide targeted information, and even command the future of the sixth generation F / A-XX multi-purpose fighter aircraft to launch weapons vision. Although the Navy project is not called “combat cloud” due to military interests, the project emphasizes multi-platform information cross-domain integration has a typical “cloud” features. In addition, the US Marine Corps also launched the implementation of its “expeditionary combat sea tactical cloud” project construction.

“Combat cloud” combat mode test verification has been in full swing. September 23, 2014, the US Air Force F-22 for the first time led the joint air raid fleet, the Syrian territory of the “Islamic countries” extreme organizational goals of air strikes. After the completion of the task, when the US Air Operations Commander Mike Hustage in an interview with “defense headlines”, said, “generally believed that stealth is a symbol of the five generations of machines, in fact, the focus is on ‘integration’,” Fusion “makes the F-22 fundamentally different from other platforms,” ​​”Fusion” is the fundamental feature of the five generations of machines, “” Five generations of machines in front of reconnaissance detection targets, and then let four generations of machines in the area to fight it, you must have ‘combat Cloud ‘, which has the ability to transfer data back and forth. ” The position, but also directly proved that the US Air Force is actively against the “combat cloud” combat mode to carry out actual test verification.

(Author: Air Force Military Theory Institute)

Edit comments

Jump on the “cloud” end of the wind and thunder

Huyongbo

When we shop online, the website will be based on the previous shopping records to determine our purchase preferences, push a lot of commodity information; when we browse the news, the software will be based on our reading habits, “good” Directional push content topic … … these phenomena are that we have come to a cloud computing era.

“Combat cloud” reason to enter our topic vision, not only because it frequently appeared in the latest US combat theory, everywhere revealed against the “system of combat” thinking, more importantly, it represents the US military cloud computing used in the field of military the latest achievements, reflecting the US military use of scientific and technological achievements to maximize the effectiveness of combat a train of thought.

Like many high-tech, cloud computing first appeared in the commercial field. In August 2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt first proposed the “cloud computing” concept. Soon, the US military on this new technology showed a strong interest. In 2008, the US Department of Defense and Hewlett-Packard Company to establish a cloud computing infrastructure. Then, the United States air, sea, land and other military services are signed with commercial companies related to cloud computing systems. The US military’s passion for cloud computing has a strong background in the field of information technology, but it also reflects their keen sense of smell and rapid transformation of the latest cutting-edge technology.

In attending the plenary session of the PLA delegation at the Second Session of the 12th National People’s Congress, the Chairman stressed that “it is necessary to take the initiative to discover, cultivate and use the cutting-edge technology that can serve the national defense and army building to capture the potential growth point of military capability development”. Obviously, to promote the field of cloud computing military and civilian collaboration innovation, we are promising. Because, compared to the United States and other developed countries in the field of cloud computing development, China is not backward, some domestic companies have a more mature use of experience. The key is how to combine our military reality, to achieve the transformation of cloud computing technology in the military field.

Of course, we develop the use of cloud computing technology, we must learn from the experience of foreign troops, but not step by step also cloning. The practice of the US military is only to provide a model used. In the era of information revolution boom, through the core key technological breakthrough is possible to achieve “corner overtaking”. Dare to hit the water flow, Fang Xian hero character.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

“雲”是對網絡、互聯網的一種比喻說法，“雲概念”則是近年來最火的高科技概念之一，其互聯、高效、共享等特質，不但深刻影響和改變著我們的生活，也正在推動軍事領域的重大變革。 2013年，美空軍首次將“雲概念”引入作戰領域，提出“作戰雲”概念，並迅速得到美國防部、海軍及其他軍種的認可，逐漸成為美軍應對21世紀下一場信息化戰爭的新方略。

緣何提出——

意在打造美軍新的跨代優勢

進入21世紀，美軍先後以反恐和製止大規模殺傷性武器擴散等名義在阿富汗、伊拉克、利比亞和敘利亞發動多場戰爭，每次戰爭美國幾乎都憑藉強大的信息、火力優勢，完全掌控戰場局面，快速取得戰爭勝利。但美軍高層對此有著清醒意識：以上幾場戰爭美軍並未遇到真正強大的對手，戰爭在美軍掌握絕對製空權和製信息權的低對抗環境下進行，未來倘若喪失絕對的空天和信息優勢，美軍將很難保持對戰場的控制。美軍認為，若想在未來戰爭中保持持續的戰場優勢，面臨著前所未有的“威脅和挑戰”：

對手強大“反進入/區域拒止”能力的威脅。美軍認為，其在歷次局部戰爭中所仰仗的信息、火力優勢，主要依托強大的天基信息系統、大型海上作戰平台、聯合指揮控制中心等獲得，而在“對手反進入與區域拒止能力不斷提升”的背景下，尤其是面對大量“精確制導遠程巡航導彈和彈道導彈”威脅，這些傳統的優勢力量，以及美軍依托這些優勢力量所形成的作戰樣式“都將不可續存”，“對手可以通過對少數關鍵節點的攻擊迅速癱瘓美軍的作戰力量體系”。

先進作戰武器與落後作戰方式的挑戰。進入新世紀，在大量裝備F-22先進隱身戰機後，美軍又先後迎來F-35戰機、DDG-1000導彈驅逐艦、福特級航母等高度信息化武器裝備。但綜觀美軍的作戰指揮與控制，還停留在2003年“自由伊拉克”行動時，高度依賴衛星、預警機等核心裝備平台的“網絡中心戰”時代。美國前空軍部長麥克·韋恩就驚呼：“正如第一次世界大戰使用20世紀的機械化部隊卻在以19世紀的方式作戰，我們現在同樣存在以20世紀的方式在21世紀作戰的危險。 ”美軍急需新的作戰理論來激活新型信息化裝備的作戰潛能，“重拾美​​軍與對手的跨代優勢”。

作戰力量保持與國防預算緊縮的挑戰。在美國“金融危機”“債務危機”和“國家安全需求不斷增長”等多重因素影響下，美軍各軍兵種也陷入財政窘境。美空軍前情報主管、第一副參謀長大衛·德普圖拉在一份報告中指出，目前美軍空中力量主要由老舊的A-10、F-15/16、B-1、B- 52飛機和B-2以及少量的F-22、F-35組成，不足以應對21世紀對手的“反進入與區域拒止”能力，並呼籲要“改變方略”以應對“可用於國防的資源比重下降”的挑戰。

美軍自認為的這些“威脅和挑戰”，正是其提出“作戰雲”概念的背景。

核心理念——

實現多種平台跨域聯合作戰

面對這些新的“威脅和挑戰”，2013年1月，美空軍空中作戰司令部司令邁克爾·奧斯蒂奇首次提出“作戰雲”概念方案。 2014年，大衛·德普圖拉在其基礎上，對“作戰雲”概念方案進行了全面闡述，指出：“類似於雲計算的方式，’作戰雲’是一種各軍種的空中力量採用分散的空中作戰形式，在不斷進化的數據鏈、抗干擾通信系統和新的瞄準工具等支持下，實現空中、地面、海上和太空領域信息共享能力的躍升，進而最大程度地發揮隱身飛機、精確打擊武器、先進指揮與控制系統以及有人與無人系統結合的優勢，創造出規模化、模塊化的靈活作戰能力，並以此確保敵人對單一作戰單元的攻擊不會癱瘓美軍的作戰行動。”

同年，美國《航空周刊》發布了“作戰雲”構想圖，描述了由在軌太空偵察/通信/導航衛星，空中預警機、F-15/16戰鬥機，海上航空戰鬥群，與深入對方綜合防空系統區的F-22/35隱身戰機、RQ-180無人偵察機、新型遠程轟炸機(LRS-B)等多維作戰單元，共同構建的“空中優勢雲”發展遠景，更加清晰地展現了美軍“作戰雲”概念全貌。

從以上美軍對於“作戰雲”概念的闡釋和描述，我們可以粗略探析美軍“作戰雲”的特徵和其應對“威脅和挑戰”的基本思路：

戰場信息跨域融合。 “作戰雲”依托“不斷進化的數據鏈、抗干擾通信系統”等先進的戰場信息網絡，和“新的瞄準工具”等新型戰場傳感系統，在大數據和雲計算等信息網絡技術的支撐下，將廣泛分佈於太空、臨近空間、空中、地面、海上和水下各域作戰平台的戰場情報信息一體融合，並實時無縫地在各域作戰平台按需分發。 “作戰雲”所形成的這種“信息共享能力”，既保證了美軍對戰場的按需高度透明，同時也避免了具備“反進入/區域拒止”能力的對手，對其天基信息系統、大型海上作戰平台、聯合指揮控制中心等關鍵信息節點“破一點、癱一片”的局面。美軍設想，在“作戰雲”體系中，任何一個和多個戰場節點的缺失，都不會決定性地影響其戰場統一態勢信息的共享和分發。

群組力量分佈作戰。與傳統作戰各軍兵種空中力量按平台屬性分類編配、按行政手段組合的方式不同，“作戰雲”通過“不斷進化的數據鏈、抗干擾通信系統”，將各軍兵種的空中力量以“分散的空中作戰形式”，根據實時任務需求，在線優化配置組合，形成“模塊化”的群組力量。各群組力量在高度一體跨域融合的信息支撐下，通過“作戰雲”體系的高效調度和管控，分佈實施作戰。這種群組力量分佈作戰的模式，既繼承了“網絡中心戰”獲取信息的優勢，又進一步發展了從信息向火力分配、目標毀傷轉化的優勢，大幅縮減了作戰的“偵-控-打-評”週期鏈，全面提升了美軍信息化裝備的作戰效能。

跨代平台協同增效。通過“作戰雲”的戰場信息跨域融合能力，三代四代作戰平台能夠獲得潛入敵縱深的五代隱身作戰平台、無人作戰平台的目標指示信息，實現對縱深戰場的有效打擊；五代隱身作戰平台也能夠獲得三代四代作戰平台的遠程火力支援，彌補自身載彈量不足的劣勢。 “作戰雲”的這種跨代平台協同增效，被認為是美軍應對“力量與財務困局”的重要手段。 2014年9月，即將離任的邁克爾·奧斯蒂奇在美國空軍協會年會上明確表示，美國空軍沒有足夠的預算來組建一支全五代機隊，要履行好空軍的職能，最優先的任務是實現“四代與五代”的信息融合、協同作戰。

發展現狀——

正在由概念向實戰行動轉變

為盡快地將“作戰雲”概念方案轉化到實用狀態，在美國防部的統籌和牽引下，美軍各軍兵種都在結合自身軍種職能和裝備特色，推進自己的“作戰雲”項目建設和實驗驗證。

國防部穩步牽引“雲”基礎建設和概念完善。早在2009年，美國防部就提出了覆蓋海上、空中、太空的數據共享概念，嘗試將日益成熟的互聯網技術應用到戰術情報領域。 2012年7月，美國防部首席信息官簽署了《國防部雲計算戰略》，以軍隊戰略的形式推進這一進程，並持續穩步開展“雲”相關的存儲設施、計算平台和軟件服務建設。目前，美國防部已將這一概念確定為“作戰雲”，並分別從各軍兵種、工業部門和學術界抽調人員，共同著力塑造完善“作戰雲”概念方案，最終目標是要形成一個拱形數據網絡，擴展升級現有“全球信息柵格”，實現海上戰艦、作戰飛機、空間衛星的實時數據共享。

各軍兵種爭相開展“作戰雲”項目建設。美空軍是“作戰雲”概念的先行者，其認為實現“作戰雲”的關鍵是信息融合，並將“空中優勢雲”的重點放在F-15/16等四代機與F-22/35五代機的信息互通上。 2014年啟動了“多域自適應系統（MAPS）計劃”，企圖將F-15/16的Link16數據鏈、F-22的IFDL數據鏈、F-35的MADL數據鏈有機融合，實現戰場數據的實時交換。美海軍也在通過“海軍綜合火控與防空（NIFC-CA）計劃”，實現其用空中E-2D預警機或海上“宙斯盾”艦等作戰平台，為F/A-18E/F和F- 35C等艦載機及“標準”系列艦空導彈提供瞄准信息，甚至指揮未來第六代F/A-XX多用途戰鬥機發射武器的願景。雖然由於軍種利益，海軍項目並不叫“作戰雲”，但其項目強調的多平台信息跨域融合具有典型的“雲”特徵。此外，美海軍陸戰隊也啟動實施了其“遠征作戰海上戰術雲”項目建設。

“作戰雲”作戰模式檢驗驗證已經全面展開。 2014年9月23日，美空軍F-22首次率領聯合空襲機群，對敘利亞境內的“伊斯蘭國”極端組織目標實施空襲作戰。任務完成後，時任美軍空中作戰司令部司令麥克·侯斯塔奇在接受《防務頭條》採訪時，表示“一般認為隱身是五代機的標誌，其實不然，重點在於’融合’”，“’融合’使得F-22與其他平台根本不同”，“’融合’是五代機的根本特徵”，“五代機在前方偵察探測目標，然後讓四代機在防區外打擊它，你必須擁有’作戰雲’，其擁有將數據來回傳輸的能力”。這次表態，也直接證明了美空軍正在積極針對“作戰雲”作戰模式開展實戰性檢驗驗證。

（作者單位：空軍軍事理論研究所）

編輯點評

躍上“雲”端觀風雷

侯永波

當我們在網上購物時，網站會根據以往的購物記錄來判斷我們的購買偏好，推送大量的商品信息；當我們在瀏覽新聞時，軟件同樣會根據我們的閱讀習慣，“投其所好”地定向推送內容話題……這些現像都說明，我們已經來到了一個雲計算時代。

“作戰雲”之所以進入我們的選題視野，不僅僅是因為它頻繁地出現於美軍最新的作戰理論中，處處透露著對抗消解“體系破擊戰”的思維，更重要的是它代表著美軍把雲計算運用於軍事領域的最新成果，反映出美軍運用科技成果最大限度提高作戰效能的一種思路。
像很多高新技術一樣，雲計算最早出現在民用商業領域。 2006年8月，谷歌首席執行官埃里克·施密特首次提出“雲計算”概念。很快，美軍就對這種新技術表現出濃厚興趣。 2008年，美國防部與惠普公司合作建立了一個雲計算基礎設施。緊接著，美國空、海、陸等各軍種都與商業公司簽約設計相關雲計算系統。美軍對雲計算技術的熱情擁抱，有其在信息技術領域處於領先地位的大背景，但同時也反映了他們對最新前沿科技的敏銳嗅覺以及迅速的轉化運用能力。

習主席在出席十二屆全國人大五次會議解放軍代表團全體會議時強調，“要主動發現、培育、運用可服務於國防和軍隊建設的前沿尖端技術，捕捉軍事能力發展的潛在增長點”。顯然，推進云計算領域的軍民協同創新，我們是大有可為的。因為，相比美國等發達國家在雲計算領域的發展，我國並不落後，國內一些公司已經有著較為成熟的運用經驗。關鍵是如何結合我軍實際，來實現雲計算技術在軍事領域的轉化運用。

當然，我們發展運用雲計算技術，須藉鑑外軍的經驗，但絕非亦步亦趨克隆。美軍的做法只是提供了運用的一種模式。在信息革命大潮雲湧的時代，通過核心關鍵性技術突破是有可能實現“彎道超車”的。敢於擊水中流，方顯英雄本色。

Original Source:

2017年03月21日09:52  来源：解放军报