中國網絡安全防禦將是量子計算…未來將面臨這些網絡攻擊威脅

China network security defense will be quantum computing… The future will face these cyber-attack threats

 

Quantum computers can give attackers the ability to crack the current encryption standard overnight and steal personal data. Imagine, if you wake up and lose all the important information, what kind of helpless?

Experts predict that by 2026, commercial quantum computers can crack the code we now rely on. “IEEE Spectrum” magazine reported last year that quantum computers were fast enough to crack the level of RSA encryption.

The nine years from 2026 are not long and the consequences of failing to update the security technology through quantum security solutions are not yet clear. In order to ensure that the arrival of quantum computers to protect data security, need to upgrade from now on to quantum security needs.

What is a quantum computer?

Quantum computer (quantum computer) is a class of quantum mechanics to follow the law of high-speed mathematical and logical operations, storage and processing of quantum information, physical devices. When a device processes and computes quantum information, it is a quantum computer when it runs a quantum algorithm.

It can be achieved for each superposition of the transformation of the equivalent of a classic calculation, all of these classic calculations at the same time, and according to a certain probability amplitude superimposed, given the output of quantum computers. This calculation is called quantum parallel computing, but also the most important advantages of quantum computers. (Source Baidu)

Quantum computer can invade daily network activities

If an attacker uses a quantum computer to successfully crack the encryption technology that we currently trust and rely on, then sensitive data may be vented, giving serious consequences to users and organizations. As a technical user, people may perform the following common activities on any day:

Send an e-mail: The user logs on to the laptop and sends several e-mails, whose information may be read by the attacker and published publicly for everyone to read.

Check the online banking account: the user login bank account and transfer, the financial data will be attacked by the attacker, and the account balance looted.

Update the social media account information: user login microblogging and other social media publishing dynamic, share family photos, etc., if the user only choose to share these dynamic friends, the attacker can all photos and personal information “everyone visible”, and in addition to The user himself, others can arbitrarily tamper with.

Updating software on the smartphone: If the user receives a software update notification and accepts the update, it is not aware that the verification process from a trusted source (such as Google or Apple’s official download) will also be compromised. Malware may enter the smartphone, disguised as a trusted update, so that the attacker gets the application’s login credentials and data.

Driving the network car: the network will automatically accept the software update. These updates may come from an attacker, the user without the knowledge of the circumstances, may allow third parties to control the car’s embedded system, undermine navigation, cut off the car power and so on.

In addition, many other day-to-day transactions may be vulnerable to attack.E.g:

Use the original security of the Internet equipment: thermostat, home security system or baby monitor;

Transfer funds to public transport as prepaid expenses;

Use VPN to log on to the corporate network.

Public transport, security systems, and physical access systems can also have many public safety risks.

As the networking equipment provides more attack surface, data leakage events are frequent. As companies and governments continue to prevent cyber security attacks through technological advances, quantum computing may make cybercriminals more arbitrary and unscrupulous.

The key to quantum secure encryption solutions will be to update the vulnerable quantum solution in a timely manner, which means that it is now necessary to understand which systems will be affected by quantum risk and plan to migrate to quantum security solutions (including appropriate testing and test).

This transition can be done from a hybrid solution, enabling flexible encryption, and the classic encryption technology used today.

Quantum computers or will change the pattern of artificial intelligence research

Source: Artificial Intelligenceologist

Summary: Chinese scientists have built quantum computers that are “natural photonics” by reviewers called “ENIAC in Quantum Computers”.

Chinese scientists have built quantum computers that are “natural photonics” by reviewers called “ENIAC in Quantum Computers.” Quantum computer of this achievement and the subsequent development, it is possible to change the current pattern of artificial intelligence research.

First, it may mean strong, weak artificial intelligence, and “quantum” approach of the three technical paradigm of confluence. Second, it is possible to open up the traditional Chinese culture “programming” approach, as well as more to explore the Chinese and Eastern traditions and pre-traditional culture of resources. Third, in the human cognitive structure can not keep up with the pace of technological development, the quantum computer may help the human hand, set up from the original understanding of the future of the world bridge.

Although all this can not change the fate of mankind will eventually be replaced by “singularity”, but may change in the singularity of the continuation of the “human” connotation.

Competition and confluence of three paradigms

Artificial intelligence The current research mainly exists strong artificial intelligence, weak artificial intelligence two kinds of technical paradigm.

The strong artificial intelligence paradigm follows the development of technology along the form of movement from low to high order, by the first industrial revolution in the basic physical movement (mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic motion), by the second industrial revolution of chemical movement (organic synthesis ), The end of the 20th century high-tech life movement (genetic engineering, gene editing), and then into the human brain and consciousness of the field; technology step by step, all the way to follow the natural to the human footprint. The human brain is the highest achievement of the evolution of nature, the nature of consciousness is far from being revealed.Artificial intelligence will continue to follow this trajectory, there is no reason to leave this path of success.

In this journey, “physical and mental” relationship is an insurmountable peak. Polanyi’s knowledge of congregation is well known, and IQ and EQ are inseparable. “Artificial intelligence is no more intelligent and only emotionally.”

Weak artificial intelligence paradigm is taking the “smart is intelligent” path. Science and technology may not follow the people as a whole, emotional intelligence and IQ, heart and brain synchronization of the path of evolution, but can take the path of heart and brain separation. Artificial intelligence is only “wisdom”, is the “cylinder in the brain” (“three body” as the envoy of the earth Cheng Tianming), rather than “love” non-human; because of this, artificial intelligence beyond the situation ( Including all kinds of ideological struggle) the trapped people’s intelligence, regardless of “emotional” when things do better, more absolutely. Through the repeated game and the evolution of the game, the development of in-depth learning, step by step, migration learning, learn by analogy, and even into the rules and boundaries across the “Texas poker” to achieve a major breakthrough in artificial intelligence.

The achievement of these results follows the pace of the West since Descartes. “Epistemological turn”, “brain” debut, “head to the ground.”Intelligence is intelligent, do not care about the heart; one to do, do not do all-around champion; step by step to do, do not think people are people. Why should artificial intelligence be based on human beings as a reference system?Get rid of anthropocentrism.

The development of artificial intelligence will eventually go beyond the basic weakness of human nature: people are self-interested, people are limited.The development of artificial intelligence has nothing to do with dignity, but to follow the law. Not to overcome, but to bypass the weakness of human nature.No self-consciousness, means that does not matter “self-interest”, for all the emotions “do not feel”; and in time and space endless large data and extraordinary computing power is beyond the “limited.”

Strong artificial intelligence and weak artificial intelligence combination model, perhaps “God’s return to God, Caesar’s return to Caesar”. Please take care of the soul of God, and I take care of the flesh of men. People, take care of their own souls, make decisions; machine, artificial intelligence in the calculation, to provide decision-making basis and options. “Mind machine brain”.

“Quantum paradigm” can be said to be strong, weak artificial intelligence outside the two paradigms of the third paradigm, related to the relationship between consciousness or free will and quantum entanglement, and quantum computer. “From this point of view, not to quantum up before, that is less than the era of quantum artificial intelligence, I was not worried about artificial intelligence will replace humans.” Pan Jianwei said. Ma Zhaoyuan holds the same view, before understanding by the nano-scale consciousness, “artificial intelligence at least three hundred years there is no chance to go beyond the human brain.”

From the perspective of quantum cut, there may be more than other ways to approach the nature of consciousness, which is “strong artificial intelligence” paradigm of the pursuit of the goal. At this point these two paradigms came together. However, even if this paradigm is a breakthrough, from the current trend, “quantum paradigm” hardware is not “complete life form”, may lead to “strong artificial intelligence” paradigm of dissatisfaction.

This breakthrough in the quantum computer highlights the strength of the artificial intelligence technology paradigm outside the third paradigm. On the one hand it is possible in a sense to set up a bridge between the two paradigms.If you can manipulate more than 1000 quantum, you may be able to study the generation of consciousness. Pan Jianwei predicted that quantum computers will eventually expand into the field of quantum artificial intelligence.

On the other hand, the purpose of studying quantum computers is not to replace existing computers. Quantum computing is suitable for discrete optimization, and high performance computing systems (HPC) perform better in large-scale numerical simulations. Need to determine what problems are suitable for quantum computing, the two complement each other. There are many examples of quantum computer assisting high performance computing systems. In a certain sense, the classic computer with universal, quantum computer may be “earmarked.”From the standard computing power, the D-Wave quantum computer is still much slower than the traditional computer, but in solving some specific engineering problems, the quantum computer is several thousand times faster than the existing supercomputer.

China ‘s Resources and Opportunities

With the development of the Internet, a virtual world has been generated and is continuing to develop and improve. Everything in the real world is constantly moving to the virtual world. From the center, intervene, embedding, blurring, conferencing, going to the center, non-embedding, precision and coding; real world in virtual world reconstruction. As the real world moves to the virtual world, the weight of the virtual world is growing, and non-participants will be marginalized.

From the real to the virtual link is the core of programming. Virtual world is not a real world simple mapping, projection, but selective reconstruction.Not everything in the real world can move to the virtual world. Any programming language written by the instructions on the current computer must be accurate without any ambiguity to ensure that under the same conditions, this code is executed in accordance with established procedures. This is what the so-called software defines everything. All kinds of software, defined the data, the model, the function, the machine, the definition of the process, the rules, the network, the definition can define everything [1].

“People are the sum of social relations.” When the social relations continue to move from the real world to the virtual world, and even the latter as the most important, the status of people in the real world will be affected. Stay in the real world is only a personal secret of the faith, can not be part of the software definition [2]. Can not be moved to the virtual world, can not be mapped, but can not operate the real world, there may be dismissed in the virtual world “ball”, and even come back to the real world can not interact with others. The rapid development of the block chain further highlights the importance of being virtual and real. Human beings continue to enter the orderly degree of machine and society [3]. In society, the order of the carrier is also more and more by the machine to complete. When the basic contract of mankind, such as education, economy and law, its normal operation is carried by the machine, the mission of human beings as an orderly transfer has been completed.The society of machines will replace the real society that can not be moved.

The so-called “programming”, in other words is the code, through programming, the real world projection to the virtual world.

In a sense it can be said that Western culture is “coding culture”. Science and technology, industrial revolution, market economy, universal value, contractual relationship, and so on, all without coding. It is important to note that the first day of computer birth, the development of computer language is infiltrated in the Western coding culture. Computer language is the most basic statement is if-else, as the switchcase statement can be replaced with if else statement, in the if-else behind that is either: 0, or 1, orthogonal. Thus, relatively speaking, the already “encoded” Western society easier to “programming” into the virtual world, and in turn accept the virtual world of the real world norms and constraints.

In contrast, Chinese culture is clearly “conception culture”. Road to Road, very Avenue. “Road”, how to encode? TOEFL IELTS, 20,000 words; Chinese, 5000 words is enough, the word polysemy. So the United Nations documents can not prevail in Chinese, even if the feelings of the Chinese people hurt. Words made up of words are more ambiguous. Winter, how much can wear to wear how much; summer, how much can wear to wear how much. Contextual correlation. In the face of such Chinese examinations, foreign candidates can only be “kneeling”. China’s various levels of documents must be “in principle” three words, the back is endless and not for example and case handling. The highest state is simply: “do not say”. Such a society and its operation process, not if-else, also far from the switchcase can be included, can be exhausted. Can not be programmed, does it mean that China’s traditional culture and social operation can not be mapped to the virtual world?

Quantum computer may be the traditional Chinese culture, the way for the operation of Chinese society programming.

The key to quantum computers is the essential nature of quantum mechanics, such as the superposition and coherence of quantum states. Superposition, coherence, entanglement, so that some concepts and the meaning of knowledge have the same place. The input and output states of the quantum computer are generally superimposed states of multiple states between 0 and 1, which are usually not orthogonal to each other. The quantum computer transforms each superimposed component, where each “component” can be considered to correspond to one of the “cases” in Chinese society.

But in real life these cases are difficult to compare with the same standard, and in the quantum computer, all of these transformations at the same time, and according to a certain probability of superposition, give the results.Quantum computers are probabilistic rather than deterministic, and return to the user may be multiple sets of values, not only to provide the system to find the best solution, but also provide other alternative alternatives. The user can specify the number of systems that the system sends to itself.

The classic way of solving a problem by a classic computer is similar to trying to escape a maze – try all possible aisle, on the way will encounter a dead end until the final find the exit. The magic of the superposition state is that it allows the quantum computer to try all the paths at the same time, that is, it will quickly find a shortcut. In a sense, it can be said that the quantum computer not only contains the highly complex and “conception” characteristics of Chinese traditional culture and real society, but also gives the possibility of coding and programming. The former retains the particularity of China to a certain extent , Which makes this particularity compatible with the universality of human society.

In turn, China has special resources, such as hieroglyphics, language, and traditional culture, which may be another way for the development of quantum computers.

Quantum computers operate in much the same way as classic computers, and now quantum computing is very early, and even specialized programming languages ​​are not [4]. Since non-orthogonal, or if-else? When the need to compare the more things, or a lot of other control process, with if else statement control will be very cumbersome, and poor readability, and the switch statement is more simple and intuitive, more readable and more. But if it is further fragmented, embedded in the infinite number of specific contexts? Quantum computer is completely different from today’s CPU mechanism, nor is the if-else mechanism, can not use the current computer language for its programming. Otherwise it may be as Sokal triggered the science war in the “post-modern text generator”, with a series of contradictory words superimposed together, so that the reader in the fog, no solution.

“The scientific revolution in the 21st century will show two main themes, one is” the convergence of physics and life sciences “; the second is” the confluence of modern science and Chinese philosophy ” The Quantum computer development, it is possible to let the latter “confluence” down the philosophy of the altar, to a certain extent, into the operational level. The advent of quantum computers suggests that it is possible to look at Chinese words and grammar from a new perspective. Perhaps, the ancient “Book of Changes”, River map book, there may be in the dialogue with the quantum computer complement each other.

3 Human reversion and continuation

In the Qiwen “decarburization into the silicon”, the author of the Czech Republic, there are four sets of human cognitive system: the original reptile cognitive system, 50,000 years ago when the language developed, 5000 years ago, after the development of the text, And 500 years ago after the rise of science and development. Each set is more than the previous set of “natural”, more energy consumption, slower. So people tend to use low-level cognitive systems.Every time the cognitive system is advanced, some people are thrown off. Here you can also add the fifth set of cognitive systems, 50 years ago the rise of programming + computing + learning +.

Everyone is a combination of multiple cognitive methods, the difference is the proportion of a variety of cognitive methods. The overall population, in 90% of the human brain “machine”, is that the original cognition at work. The majority of the population as a whole tends to “do not mind” in most of the time. Analysis, symbols and rationality are enemies of the brain, and must be used to fight them all the time.

In this sense, Bao Jie to “stupid” under a definition. Stupid is a human inertia of inertia, the individual is more inclined to use 50,000 years ago mature set of thinking system, rather than 5000 years ago, and five years ago after the development of science and development of these two sets of thinking system, more Not 50 years ago programming. This is the advertising and other means of marketing and election canvassing and so the effectiveness of the human nature of the foundation. Artificial intelligence goes beyond human intelligence and does not need to be smarter than people, just to avoid people’s stupid enough. The machine is just stupid and people are stupid. Stupid can rule, stupid from the human physiological basis, no medicine to save.

The advent of quantum computers, it is possible for humans to open the “sixth set of cognitive systems.” The new cognitive system may emerge within five years if the fifth set of 50-year rhythms are added in the “decarburization of silicon” in the range of 50,000 to 5,000 to 500, and by the experts, Five years, the computing power of quantum computers may catch up with the current supercomputer). The classical computer is linear, and all input states are orthogonal to each other. And thinking is often parallel, pluralistic, and even jumping. With quantum computers, it is possible to understand the human behavior based on the first and second sets of cognitive systems, changes in mind, and even emotional changes.

What is the “cognitive system” of the so-called “first and second sets of cognitive systems”? Levi’s “original thinking” and Levi-Strauss’s “wild thinking” made a profound study of this.

Levi – Boulei stressed that the original thinking of the “mutual infiltration”, both specific to trivial, natives can recognize the footprints of each acquaintance, after the rain, the pit of water retained the longest; and by mutual penetration and care of the whole The For example, call a name or name, also implicated it or he embedded everything. Embedded in every detail, all have the object of all the information. The original logical thinking is essentially a comprehensive thinking, different from the logical thinking of the synthesis, does not require pre-analysis. “The logical thinking of the original logic is broader than our thinking, if we do not say it’s better than our rich.” The idea of ​​D-Wave America’s president, BoEwald, is that “the traditional computer will always get the same answer, and the answer to the quantum computer Is a probability, just like the principles of the universe, “says David Mermin, a physicist at Cornell University, in a related argument:” Close your mouth and calculate your mind! ”

Levi-Strauss argues that [5] that the concrete thinking of uncivilized people and the enlightening thinking of the enlightened people are not different from those of “primitive” and “modern” or “primary” and “advanced” Thinking mode, but the history of mankind has always been the existence of two parallel development, the Secretary of different cultural functions, complement each other to infiltrate the way of thinking. As the plants have “wild” and “garden” two categories, the way of thinking can be divided into “wild” (or “wild”) and “civilized” two categories.

It seems that the human “stupid” may not be really stupid, but there is no corresponding means and means to understand the original and wild cognitive system, when not yet. The advent of quantum computers may indicate that time has arrived.

The knowledge of the traditional society is the starting point of human knowledge, both the object of non-embedded coding knowledge denial, and the goal of dialectical reversion of the 21st century. In the original state of knowledge, is the source of human knowledge inexhaustible, which contains the endless treasure to be excavated.

Primitive thinking or wild thinking, human first and second sets of cognitive systems, although the rise of words and technology, especially the “fifth set” of cognitive system after the rise of such as the clogs, but also may be 21 The Object of Dialectical Return of Human Cognitive System in the Century. Fundamentally, Bao Jie’s view of four sets of cognitive systems implied a certain linear implication. Similarly, Kevin Kelly thinks [6] that the most common misconception about artificial intelligence is that natural intelligence is a single dimension that does not have a smart ladder to say. The different parts of the mind, or the interdependence of the “five sets” of cognitive methods, are thus proposed.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

量子計算機能賦予攻擊者能力，一夜之間破解當前加密標準，並竊取個人數據。想像一下，如果一覺醒來丟失了所有重要信息，這將是一種怎樣的無助？

專家預計，到2026年，商用量子計算機能破解我們如今依賴的密碼。 《IEEE Spectrum》雜誌去年報告稱，量子計算機快達到可以破解RSA加密的水平。
距離2026年的9年時間並不算長，無法通過量子安全解決方案更新安全技術所帶來的後果目前尚不明確。為了確保量子計算機到來時能保護數據安全，需要從現在開始升級到量子安全需。
什麼是量子計算機？
量子計算機（quantum computer）是一類遵循量子力學規律進行高速數學和邏輯運算、存儲及處理量子信息的物理裝置。當某個裝置處理和計算的是量子信息，運行的是量子算法時，它就是量子計算機。
它能對每一個疊加分量實現的變換相當於一種經典計算，所有這些經典計算同時完成，並按一定的概率振幅疊加起來，給出量子計算機的輸出結果。這種計算稱為量子並行計算，也是量子計算機最重要的優越性。 （來源百度）

量子計算機能入侵日常網絡活動
如果攻擊者利用量子計算機成功破解當前我們所信任和依賴的加密技術，那麼敏感數據可能會被洩，從而給用戶和機構帶來嚴重後果。作為技術用戶，人們可能會在任何一天執行以下常見活動：
發送電子郵件：用戶登錄筆記本電腦，發送幾封電子郵件，其信息可能會被攻擊者讀取，並公開發布供所有人閱讀。
查看網銀賬號：用戶登錄銀行賬號並轉賬，財務數據會被攻擊者獲取，並將賬戶餘額洗劫一空。
更新社交媒體賬戶信息：用戶登錄微博等社交媒體發布動態，分享家人的照片等，如果用戶僅選擇將這些動態分享給好友，攻擊者可以將所有照片和個人信息“所有人可見”，且除了用戶自己，其它人可以任意篡改。
更新智能手機上的軟件：如果用戶收到軟件更新通知，並接受更新，而並未意識到是否來自可信源（例如Google或Apple官方下載）的驗證過程也會被入侵。惡意軟件可能會進入智能手機，偽裝成可信任的更新，從而使攻擊者獲取應用程序的登錄憑證以及數據。
駕駛聯網汽車：聯網汽車會自動接受軟件更新。這些更新可能來自攻擊者，用戶在不知情的情況下，可能會允許第三方控制車內的嵌入式系統、破壞導航、切斷汽車動力等。
此外，許多其它日常交易可能易於遭受攻擊。例如：
使用原本安全的物聯網設備：恆溫器、家庭安全系統或嬰兒監視器；
將資金轉入公共交通系統作為預付費用；
使用VPN登錄公司網絡等。
公共交通工具、安全系統和物理訪問系統遭遇攻擊也會帶來許多公共安全風險。
由於聯網設備提供了更多的攻擊面，因此，數據洩露事件頻發。隨著公司和政府不斷通過技術進步防範網絡安全攻擊，量子計算可能會讓網絡犯罪分子更加隨心所欲，肆無忌憚。
量子安全加密解決方案的關鍵將是及時更新易受攻擊的量子解決方案，這就意味著，現在要理解哪些系統將會受到量子風險影響，併計劃遷移到量子安全解決方案（包括適當的測試和試驗）。
這種過渡可以從混合解決方案開始，實現靈活加密，強化如今使用的經典加密技術。
量子計算機或將改變人工智能的研究格局
來源： 人工智能學家

概要：中國科學家建造出了被《自然·光子學》的審稿人稱之為“量子計算機中的ENIAC”的量子計算機。
中國科學家建造出了被《自然·光子學》的審稿人稱之為“量子計算機中的ENIAC”的量子計算機。量子計算機的這一成果及而後的發展，有可能改變當下人工智能的研究格局。
其一，可能意味著強、弱人工智能，以及“量子”途徑三種技術範式的合流。其二，有可能開拓將中國傳統文化“編程”的途徑，以及更多發掘中國與東方的傳統和前傳統文化中的資源。其三，在人類認知結構跟不上科技發展的腳步之時，量子計算機有可能助人類一臂之力，架起由原始認知到未來世界的橋樑。
這一切雖然不能改變人類終將被“奇點人”所取代的命運，但可能改變在奇點人中所延續下來的“人類”的內涵。
1三種範式的競爭與合流
人工智能目前的研究主要存在強人工智能、弱人工智能兩種技術範式。
強人工智能範式沿襲技術的發展沿運動形式由低到高的次序，由第一次工業革命中的基本物理運動（機械、熱和電磁運動），經第二次工業革命的化學運動（有機合成），20世紀末高技術中的生命運動（基因工程、基因編輯），接著進入人腦和意識的領域；技術亦步亦趨，一路跟隨由自然到人的足跡。人腦是自然界演化的最高成果，意識的本質遠未揭示。人工智能將繼續追隨這一軌跡，沒有理由脫離這一成功的路徑。
在這一征途上，“身心”關係是難以逾越的高峰。波蘭尼關於意會知識的研究廣為人知，智商與情商不可分割。 “人工智能再聰明也沒有情感，只是機器而已。”
弱人工智能範式走的是“智能就是智能”路徑。科學技術未必沿著人作為整體，情商與智商，心腦同步進化的路徑，而是可以走心腦分離的路徑。人工智能之所求原本只是“智”，是“缸中大腦”（《三體》中作為地球人使節的程天明），而非“情”非人；正因為此，人工智能超越為情（包括形形色色的意識形態之爭）所困的人的智能，在不顧及“情感”之時把事情做得更好，更絕。通過重複博弈而演進博弈，開發深度學習，步步為營，遷移學習，舉一反三，乃至進入跨越規則與邊界的“德州撲克”，實現人工智能的重大突破。
這些成果的取得沿襲了西方自笛卡爾以來的步點。 “認識論轉向”，“腦”登場，“以頭立地”。智能就是智能，不在乎心；一項一項去做，不做全能冠軍；一步一步去做，不去想人之為人。人工智能為什麼一定要以人類為參照系，為追趕的目標？擺脫人類中心主義的思路。
人工智能的發展將最終超越人性的基本弱點：人是自利的，人是有限的。人工智能的發展無關尊嚴，而是遵循規律。不是克服，而是繞過人性的弱點。沒有自我意識，意味著無所謂“自利”，對於所有的情感“沒感覺”；而在時空上無窮無盡的大數據和超凡脫俗的計算能力則超越人之“有限”。
強人工智能與弱人工智能結合的模式，或許是“上帝的歸上帝，凱撒的歸凱撒”。請上帝照看人的靈魂，我來照看人的肉體。人，照看自己的靈魂，做出決策；機，人工智能從事計算，提供決策的依據和選項。 “人心機腦”。
“量子範式”可以說是強、弱人工智能這兩種範式之外的第三種範式，關係到意識或自由意志與量子糾纏的關係，以及量子計算機。 “從這個角度上來講，沒有到量子用上去之前，即不到量子人工智能的時代，我是一點兒不擔心人工智能會取代人類。”潘建偉說道。馬兆遠持同樣的觀點，在由納米尺度理解意識之前，“人工智能至少在三百年內還沒什麼機會超越人腦”。
由量子的角度切入，有可能較之其他途徑更加逼近意識的本質，這也是“強人工智能”範式所追求的目標。在這一點這兩種範式走到了一起。然而，即使這一範式獲得某種突破，從目前趨勢來看，“量子範式”的硬件並非“完整的生命形態”，可能招致“強人工智能”範式的不滿。
這次量子計算機的突破凸現了強弱人工智能技術範式之外的第三種範式。一方面有可能在某種意義上架起強弱兩種範式的橋樑。如果能操縱1000個量子以上，或許可以研究意識的產生。潘建偉預測，量子計算機最終將拓展到量子人工智能領域。
另一方面，研究量子計算機的目的不是要取代現有的計算機。量子計算適合離散優化，高性能計算系統(HPC) 則在大規模數值模擬中表現更好。需要判斷哪些問題適合量子計算，二者相互補充。有很多量子計算機協助高性能計算系統的例子。在一定意義上，經典計算機具有普適性，量子計算機可能是“專款專用”。從標準的計算能力來看，D-Wave量子計算機還是會比傳統計算機慢得多，但在解決某些特定的工程問題方面，量子計算機要比現有超級計算機快幾千倍。
2中國的資源與機遇
隨著互聯網的發展，一個虛擬世界已經生成並正在繼續發展和完善。現實世界的一切正在不斷遷移到虛擬世界。從中心、干預、嵌入、模糊、意會，到去中心化、非嵌入、精確和編碼；現實世界在虛擬世界重構。隨著越來越大的現實世界移到虛擬世界，虛擬世界的權重越來越大，不參加者將自我邊緣化。
由實到虛的轉換環節的核心是編程。虛擬世界不是現實世界簡單的映射、投射，而是選擇性重構。不是現實世界的一切都可以移到虛擬世界。任何編程語言寫好的指令，對目前的計算機必須準確無誤沒有歧義，以保證在同樣的條件下，這段代碼按既定步驟執行。這就是所謂軟件定義一切。形形色色、大大小小、不同用途的軟件，定義了數據、模型、功能、機器，定義了過程、規則、網絡，定義了可以定義的一切[1]。
“人是社會關係的總和”。當社會關係不斷由現實世界遷移到虛擬世界，乃至以後者為重，人在現實世界的地位就受到影響。留在現實世界的只是個人隱秘的信仰，是不能被軟件定義的部分[2]。沒法移到虛擬世界，不能映射，更不能操作的現實世界，有可能被開除在虛擬世界的“球籍”，以至回過頭來沒法在現實世界與他人交往。區塊鏈的快速發展進一步凸現了由實到虛，以虛馭實的重要性。人類源源不斷地把有序度輸入機器和社會[3]。在社會中，有序度的載體也越來越多的由機器來完成。當人類的基礎契約，如教育、經濟和法律，其正常運作都是由機器來承載時，人類作為有序度轉移者的使命已經完成了。機器構成的社會將取代移不過去的現實社會。
所謂“編程”，換言之就是編碼，經由編程，把現實世界投射到虛擬世界。
在某種意義上可以說，西方文化就是“編碼文化”。科學技術、工業革命、市場經濟、普適價值、契約關係等等，無一不編碼。有必要指出，從計算機誕生的第一天起，計算機語言的發展就浸潤在西方的編碼文化之中。計算機語言最基本的語句是if-else，至於switchcase語句完全可以用if else語句來替換掉，在if-else的背後即非此即彼：0，或1，正交。由此可見，相對而言，本已“編碼”的西方社會較容易“編程”而進入虛擬世界，以及反過來接受虛擬世界對現實世界的規範與製約。
相比之下，中國文化顯然是“意會文化”。道可道非常道。 “道”，如何編碼？考托福雅思，2萬單詞；漢語，5000單詞足矣，一詞多義。所以聯合國文件不能以中文為準，即使傷害了中國人民的感情。由單詞組成的語句更多歧義。冬天，能穿多少就穿多少；夏天，能穿多少就穿多少。語境相關。面對這樣的中文考題，外國考生也只能是“跪了”。中國的各級文件中必有“原則上”三個字，其背後是無窮無盡的下不為例和個案處理。最高境界乾脆是：“盡在不言中”。這樣的社會及其運作過程，絕非if-else，亦遠非switchcase可以囊括，可以窮盡。不能編程，是否意味著中國的傳統文化與社會運行不能映射到虛擬世界？
量子計算機有可能為中國傳統文化，為中國社會的運行方式編程。
量子計算機的關鍵是用到量子力學的本質特性，如量子態的疊加性和相干性。疊加、相干、糾纏，這樣一些概念與意會知識有相通之處。量子計算機的輸入態和輸出態為一般為0到1之間的多個狀態的疊加態，相互之間通常不正交。量子計算機對每一個疊加分量進行變換，這裡的每一個“分量”或可認為對應於中國社會中的一個個“個案”。
但在現實生活中這些個案難以以同一標準相互比較，而在量子計算機，所有這些變換同時完成，並按一定的概率幅疊加起來，給出結果。量子計算機是概率性的而非確定性的，返回給用戶的可能是多組數值，不僅能提供系統尋找到的最佳解決方案，同時也提供其他可供選擇的優秀替代方案。用戶可以指定係統向自己發送解決方案的數量。
經典計算機解決一個問題的方式就類似於試圖逃離一個迷宮——嘗試所有可能的走道，途中會遇到死路，直到最終找到出口。而疊加態的魔力則在於，允許量子計算機在同一時間嘗試所有的路徑，也就是說，它會迅速的找到一條捷徑。在某種意義上可以說，量子計算機既包容中國傳統文化與現實社會的高度複雜性和“意會”特徵，又賦予其編碼和編程的可能性；前者在一定程度上保留了中國的特殊性，後者使這種特殊性與人類社會的普遍性兼容。
反過來，中國所具有的特殊資源，如像形文字、語言以及傳統文化有可能為量子計算機的發展另闢蹊徑。
量子計算機的運行方式與經典計算機大為不同，現在的量子計算還非常早期，甚至連專門的編程語言都沒有[4]。既然非正交，還是if-else嗎？當需要比較的事項較多，或者很多其他控制流程的時候，用if else語句控制起來就會很麻煩，且可讀性太差，而用switcase可以囊括，可以窮盡。不能編程，是否意味著中國的傳統文化與社會運行不能映射到虛擬世界？
量子計算機有可能為中國傳統文化，為中國社會的運行方式編程。
量子計算機的關鍵是用到量子力學的本質特性，如量子態的疊加性和相干性。疊加、相干、糾纏，這樣一些概念與意會知識有相通之處。量子計算機的輸入態和輸出態為一般為0到1之間的多個狀態的疊加態，相互之間通常不正交。量子計算機對每一個疊加分量進行變換，這裡的每一個“分量”或可認為對應於中國社會中的一個個“個案”。
但在現實生活中這些個案難以以同一標準相互比較，而在量子計算機，所有這些變換同時完成，並按一定的概率幅疊加起來，給出結果。量子計算機是概率性的而非確定性的，返回給用戶的可能是多組數值，不僅能提供系統尋找到的最佳解決方案，同時也提供其他可供選擇的優秀替代方案。用戶可以指定係統向自己發送解決方案的數量。
經典計算機解決一個問題的方式就類似於試圖逃離一個迷宮——嘗試所有可能的走道，途中會遇到死路，直到最終找到出口。而疊加態的魔力則在於，允許量子計算機在同一時間嘗試所有的路徑，也就是說，它會迅速的找到一條捷徑。在某種意義上可以說，量子計算機既包容中國傳統文化與現實社會的高度複雜性和“意會”特徵，又賦予其編碼和編程的可能性；前者在一定程度上保留了中國的特殊性，後者使這種特殊性與人類社會的普遍性兼容。
反過來，中國所具有的特殊資源，如像形文字、語言以及傳統文化有可能為量子計算機的發展另闢蹊徑。
量子計算機的運行方式與經典計算機大為不同，現在的量子計算還非常早期，甚至連專門的編程語言都沒有[4]。既然非正交，還是if-else嗎？當需要比較的事項較多，或者很多其他控制流程的時候，用if else語句控制起來就會很麻煩，且可讀性太差，而用switch語句就更加簡潔直觀，可讀性也更強。但要是進一步碎片化，嵌入於不可勝數的特定語境之中呢？量子計算機完全不同於今天的CPU機理，也不是if-else機理，沒法用現在的計算機語言為其編程。否則很可能如索卡爾引發的科學大戰中的“後現代文本發生器”，用一連串互相矛盾的詞彙疊加在一起，讓讀者云裡霧裡，不得其解。
中國科學院大學已故數學教授牛實為先生認為，21世紀的科學革命將呈現出兩個主旋律，其一是“物理學與生命科​​學的合流”；其二是“現代科學與中國哲學的合流” 。量子計算機的發展，有可能讓後一個“合流”走下哲學的聖壇，在一定程度上步入操作的層面。量子計算機的問世提示，或許可以從一個新的視角審視中文的單詞和語法。或許，古老的《易經》，河圖洛書，有可能在與量子計算機的對話中相得益彰。
3人類的複歸與延續
在奇文“脫碳入矽”中，作者鮑捷提出人類有四套認知系統：原始的爬行動物認知系統，5萬年前語言成熟時發展的，5000年前文字發明後發展的，和500年前科學興起後發展的。每一套都比前一套更不“自然”，更耗費能量，速度更慢。所以人總是傾向於用低層次的認知系統。認知系統的每一次進階，都甩下一部分人。在這裡還可以再加上第五套認知系統，50年前興起的編程+計算+學習+。
每個人都是多種認知方式的綜合，區別是多種認知方式的比例不同。而人群的總體，在90%的人腦“機時”裡，是那些原始的認知在起作用。總體人群的大多數在大多數時間傾向於“不動腦子”。分析、符號和理性都是大腦的敵人，必須無時無刻不和本能做鬥爭才能運用它們。
在此意義上，鮑捷給“愚蠢”下了一個定義。愚蠢是人類的一種認知的惰性，個體比較偏向於使用5萬年前成熟的那套思維繫統，而不是5000年前文字發明和500年前科學發展後發展的這兩套思維繫統，更不是50年前的編程。這是廣告之類營銷手段和選舉拉票等之所以奏效的人性基礎。人工智能超越人的智能，並不需要比人聰明，只需要避免人的愚蠢就夠了。機器只是笨，人是愚蠢。笨可以治，蠢源於人的生理基礎，無藥可救。
量子計算機的問世，有可能為人類開啟“第六套認知系統”。如果按“脫碳入矽”中5萬-5千-5百，以及筆者加上的第五套50年的節奏，新的認知系統可能在5年內出現（順便說，有專家指出，在五年之內，量子計算機的計算能力就可能赶超當前的超級計算機）。經典計算機是線性的，所有的輸入態均相互正交。而思維往往是並行、多元、甚至跳躍。借助量子計算機，以人類思考方式進行超高速計算，有可能理解人類基於第一、二套認知系統的群體性行為、思想變化，甚至情緒變化。
所謂“第一、二套認知系統”究竟是什麼樣的“認知系統”？列維－布留爾的《原始思維》和列維－斯特勞斯的《野性的思維》對此作了深刻的研究。
列維－布留爾強調了原始思維的“互滲”，既具體到瑣碎，土人能認出每個熟人的足跡，雨後，那個坑里的水留存最久；又經由互滲而關照整體。譬如呼喚一個名稱或名字，也就牽連它或他所嵌入的一切。嵌入的每一個細節，都擁有對象的全部信息。原邏輯思維本質上是綜合的思維，不同於邏輯思維的綜合，不要求預先的分析。原邏輯思維“比我們的思維廣闊，如果不說比我們的豐富。”D-Wave美國區總裁BoEwald的觀點是：“傳統計算機求解相同問題總會得到相同的答案，而量子計算機得到的答案卻是一種概率，就像宇宙的運行原理。”康奈爾大學物理學家David Mermin在一次相關的爭論中說：“閉上你的嘴，用心作計算吧！”
列維－斯特勞斯認為[5]，未開化人的具體性思維與開化人的抽象性思維不是分屬“原始”與“現代”或“初級”與“高級”這兩種等級不同的思維方式，而是人類歷史上始終存在的兩種互相平行發展、各司不同文化職能、互相補充互相滲透的思維方式。正如植物有“野生”和“園植”兩大類一樣，思維方式也可分為“野性的”（或“野生的”）和“文明的”兩大類。
由此看來，人類的“蠢”，未必就是真的蠢，而是沒有相應的手段和途徑來理解原始及野性的認知系統，時候未到。量子計算機的問世，可能預示，時候已到。
前傳統社會的知識是人類知識的起點，既是而後非嵌入編碼知識否定的對象，也是21世紀的知識辯證復歸的目標。處於原始狀態的知識，是人類知識取之不盡的源泉，其中蘊藏了有待挖掘的無窮無盡的寶藏。
原始思維或野性的思維，人類的第一和第二套認知系統，雖然在文字與科技興起，特別是“第五套”認知系統興起後被棄之如敝屐，卻同樣可能是21世紀人類認知系統辯證復歸的對象。從根本上說，鮑捷關於四套認知系統的觀點隱含了某種線性的意味。類似的，凱文凱利認為[6]，關於人工智能最常見的誤解是，自然智能是一個單一的維度，沒有智能階梯之說。思維的不同組成部分，或者說人猿相揖別以來的“五套”認知方式之間相互依賴，是共同創造的。

Original URL: http://wemedia.ifeng.com/17222299/wemedia.shtml