China Military Strategic High Ground of Information Warfare: Spatial Information Confrontation //中國軍事空間信息對抗:信息化戰爭的戰略制高點

中國軍事空间信息对抗:信息化战争的战略制高点

作者:穆志勇 李莉

來源:學習時報2015-06-15

信息化战争的战略制高点

Spatial information effectively combat weaponry put strategic position, pay attention to the fight against cross-border joint information space forces the leading role of the traditional power and strength and spatial information of conventional power, to achieve full-dimensional spatial information to flow freely.

All things Internet era, we must rethink the current and future military struggle in the forefront of what? We are talking about local information technology local war where?Information War made the strategic high ground right where?

All things Internet era, control of information has become the battlefield to win the right to the core of an integrated system, “no network without fighting,” “no victorious day” has become iron law, made ​​winning the war of spatial information right to become a strategic safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests ground. It extends to the battlefield where, where the initiative will expand the competition. The main countries in the world attach great importance to and respond to threats and challenges from outer space, the space around the right to development, ownership and control, in a fierce competition.

Spatial information against a new means of strategic deterrence quality checks and balances

Spatial information can play against fighting the enemy afraid, Gongdi key is a new means of strategic deterrence quality of checks and balances. On the one hand, with a strong spatial information attack capability, can effectively curb space power, space to defend the sovereignty, enhance the right to speak and the initiative in the international arena; on the other hand, has enough spatial information defense, deterrence and containment can launch the Iraq war opponents button, effectively resist the threat and destruction in outer space, to prevent loss of control of the space.

The United States will “Space confrontation” as a strategic deterrent capability and the “Global Strike” and “nuclear strike” both, and since 2001 has performed seven times, “Schriever” space combat computer simulation exercises; vigorously the development, testing and deployment of space information weapon, launching the world’s first reusable aircraft able to detect, control, capture, destroy the spacecraft his country “orbital test vehicle” X-37B space fighter, space fighter plans to deploy 2025 troops in outer space; “global commons domain intervention and joint mobility “concept vowed to quickly weaken the enemy space facilities capacity through non-kinetic measures to destroy its anti-space capabilities in key elements.Russia to develop “military space recovery plan,” President Putin has restarted “crown” anti-satellite project, focusing on the development of anti-satellite weapons, the “strategic air and space battles” as the basic style of air and space operations, three satellite launch last year and aerospace It is regarded by the United States’ aerospace killer “and ready after 2016 to establish a modern space combat system. Japan’s new “cosmic basic plan” clearly states “actively enter the field of space”, was “modern security”, expanded and enhanced features for satellites to monitor vessels at sea and ground facilities, and trying to build a set of positioning, communication and intelligence gathering and other functions in one of the new satellite systems, the scope of application of force to achieve the SDF land, sea, air, space-round leap.

Spatial information into a military confrontation priority areas for capacity-building

From the world’s military development, the right to take on the overall system of spatial information system other rights, the right to seize control of the spatial information is action battle for dominance of the main action. Local Wars practice, there is no right to make spatial information, the Air Force is difficult to combat, navy naval difficult, with even the best of other weapons and equipment may also be vulnerable to attack. Spatial Information confrontation multidimensional space operations provide important support, “new quality” of the combat system is the ability to generate combat multiplier, it will be the focus of capacity-building in the military field. From the fight for control of space means, the spatial information against strong controllability, flexibility, use of low threshold, a wide scope, with less damage, be cost-effective, it should be current and future space supremacy capacity-building period key development areas.

Currently, the United States actively promote Asia “rebalancing” strategy, trying to fight the development of spatial information capabilities, not only to develop electronic interference and covert soft kill hard against damage and other spatial information means, actively develop their own approach, rendezvous and docking and other space-based technology against the core , also focused on the development of satellite communications electronic jamming, near real-time detection, interference signal feature recognition, sources of interference positioning technology, efforts to develop a variety of space-based anti-satellite weapons, and has begun to deploy automated attacks, identity systems. November 14, 2012 the United States and Australia announced that the US will place a powerful Air Force C-band radar and space telescope in Australia, and it is clear that the United States will shift the strategic part of Asia.This will enable the US forward-deployed every day to keep better track of up to 200 confirmed over the Asia-Pacific and orbital spacecraft and potential anomalies. According to US media reports, the US Air Force and Lockheed Martin in February this year to start construction work in the future, “Space Fence” The new radar system, which also marks the United States started the S-band ground-based radar system, the radar system will replace the United States in the 1960s developed space surveillance systems. Russia’s “Military News” May 18 reported that Air Force Secretary James declared that the US Air Force budget of $ 5 billion has been requested to establish a defense system for the military space to prepare for a possible conflict. Japan’s space development strategy headquarters set up monitoring force and space, and proposed the next 10 years will be launched 45 satellites ambitious goals in the positive development of the second generation of IGS reconnaissance satellite system, while seeking cooperation with ASEAN countries, to build a Japan center, a network of 68 satellite Earth observation satellites, in an attempt to obtain information from other countries and share with the United States at the same time, strengthen the surrounding sea routes to Japan, the Diaoyu Islands and the adjacent waters of the maritime surveillance capability. According to Japan’s Kyodo News reported, the new “US-Japan defense cooperation guidelines” emphasize the importance of space situational awareness, Japan’s “quasi-zenith” satellite system with US satellite positioning system to achieve docking, the US and Japan will strengthen ocean surveillance satellite, by sharing global marine intelligence, to ensure maritime security channel. Russia already has “reconnaissance, attack, defense” against the ability of spatial information integration, particularly in the fight against satellite communications, missile and space defense confrontation, GPS confrontation, antagonism and kinetic energy anti-satellite laser, etc., with strong technical reserves. Indian space reconnaissance and surveillance satellite system has taken shape, the satellite communication network has covered South Asia and the surrounding area, it has achieved near-real-time satellite communication between the services.

Spatial information warfare against the construction and development should focus grasp

Do a good job preparing military struggle, we must make efforts to grasp the initiative in the military struggle space and cyberspace, problem-oriented and adhere to asymmetric development, according to the lean, joint, multi-energy, high efficiency requirements, to ensure the good spatial information focus of fighting against the construction.

Set the right strategic direction. On the basis of the importance of space supremacy, attaches great importance to the construction and development of spatial information against the problem, deal with spatial information science strength confrontational relationship with other strategic force for development, to ensure priority development of spatial information countervailing force. Implement the military strategy for the new period, co-ordination within and outside Xinjiang Xinjiang, preparing for war with the stop, deter and combat, constantly important areas and key links to achieve new breakthroughs; spatial information against the building into the overall layout of the army information construction, improve space iNFORMATION wARFARE development strategy planning; constantly improve the system of operational doctrines, promote space information against the construction work and orderly conduct.

Adhere to military and civilian integration. Strengthening military and civilian integration concept, the basic role of market in resource allocation, according to civil-military integration path of development, through laws, and rich integration of forms and expand the scope of integration, improve the level of integration in the scientific research and technology, weaponry, personnel training, etc. aspects, all-round, multi-domain integration, spatial information against the construction of rich resources and development potential. Pay attention to the military think tank function, strengthen the theoretical study of spatial information confrontation and practical issues, exploration of space information confrontation theoretical system, a clear focus on the construction, development of specific plans, enrich and develop operational guidance to ensure that the substantive work forward.

Construction expertise system. According to aim at the forefront, major breakthroughs require leapfrog development, accelerate the building space information confrontation power system, the formation of spatial information ability to fight as soon as possible. Spatial information effectively combat weaponry put strategic position, pay attention to the fight against cross-border joint information space forces the leading role of the traditional power and strength and spatial information of conventional power, to achieve full-dimensional spatial information to flow freely. Actively promote the use of force against spatial information, spatial information to support real-time navigation information reconnaissance operations exercises, testing and training, the formation of combat capability as soon as possible.

Focus on technological innovation. Strengthen technology research efforts, emphasis on spatial information against key technological innovation, stepping up confrontation frontier exploration of space information technology, focusing on the development of advanced satellite communications confrontation, confrontation reconnaissance and surveillance, target feature recognition, information processing technology, and make breakthroughs can promote space information confrontation key technology and equipment updates; attention, independent research and development may change combat style, disruptive technology group rules of engagement, to prevent enemies of my technical strategy formulation sudden, efforts to form the enemy I have, I have no enemy some non symmetrical technological superiority.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

把空間信息對抗武器裝備切實擺上戰略位置,注重發揮空間信息對抗力量對傳統力量的帶動作用和空間信息力量與傳統力量的跨域聯合,實現信息在全維空間自由流動。

萬物互聯的時代,我們必須重新思考,當前和未來軍事鬥爭的前沿在哪?我們所說的信息化局部戰爭的局部在哪?信息化戰爭制權的戰略制高點在哪?
萬物互聯的時代,制信息權成為奪取戰場綜合製權的核心,“無網不戰”“無天不勝”成為戰爭制勝的鐵律,制空間信息權成為維護國家主權、安全和發展利益的戰略制高點。戰場延伸到哪裡,哪裡就會展開主動權的爭奪。世界主要國家高度重視和應對來自外層空間的威脅與挑戰,圍繞太空發展權、主導權和控制權,展開了激烈角逐。
空間信息對抗成為戰略威懾制衡的新質手段
空間信息對抗作戰能打敵所怕、攻敵要害,是戰略威懾制衡的新質手段。一方面,具備強大的空間信息攻擊能力,就可有效遏制太空霸權、捍衛空間主權,提昇在國際舞台的話語權和主動權;另一方面,擁有足夠的空間信息防禦能力,就可威懾和遏制對手輕啟戰爭按鈕,有效抵禦外層空間的威脅和破壞,防止失去對太空的控制權。
美將“空間對抗行動”視為與“全球打擊”和“核打擊”並重的戰略威懾能力,2001年以來先後進行7次“施里弗”太空作戰計算機模擬演習;大力研製、試驗和部署空間信息作戰武器,發射全球首架可重複使用的能夠偵察、控制、捕獲、摧毀他國航天器的“軌道試驗飛行器”X-37B空天戰機,計劃2025年在外層空間部署太空戰鬥機部隊;“全球公域介入與機動聯合”概念宣稱要通過非動能措施迅速弱化敵太空設施能力,破壞其反太空能力中的關鍵要素。俄羅斯制定“太空軍事復興計劃”,總統普京已重啟“樹冠”反衛星項目,重點發展反衛武器,把“戰略性空天戰役”作為空天作戰的基本樣式,去年發射的3顆衛星和航天器被美視為“航天殺手”,並準備在2016年前後建成現代太空作戰系統。日本新《宇宙基本計劃》明確指出要“積極進入太空領域”,獲得“現代化的安全保障”,擴充和強化用於監視海上船舶和地面設施的偵察衛星的功能,試圖通過構建一個集測位、通信和情報蒐集等多功能於一體的新衛星系統,實現自衛隊力量運用範圍的陸、海、空、天全方位跨越。
空間信息對抗成為軍事能力建設重點領域
從世界軍事發展看,制空間信息權統攬其他制權,奪取制空間信息權行動是爭奪戰爭主導權的主體行動。從局部戰爭實踐看,沒有製空間信息權,空軍難以空戰,海軍難以海戰,擁有再好的其他武器裝備也可能被動挨打。空間信息對抗為多維空間作戰行動提供重要支撐,是作戰體系的“新質”,是作戰能力生成的倍增器,必將是軍事能力建設的重點領域。從爭奪制天權的手段看,空間信息對抗可控性強、靈活性好,運用門檻低、作用範圍廣、附帶損傷小、效費比高,應是當前和今後一個時期制天權能力建設發展的重點領域。
目前,美積極推進亞太“再平衡”戰略,竭力發展空間信息對抗能力,不僅大力發展電子乾擾軟殺傷和隱性硬毀傷等空間信息對抗手段,積極發展自主逼近、交會對接等天基對抗核心技術,還重點研製衛星通信電子乾擾、近實時探測、干擾信號特徵識別、干擾源定位技術,努力發展各種天基反衛星武器,且已開始部署自動攻擊、識別系統。 2012年11月14日美國和澳大利亞聯合宣布,美軍將在澳大利亞安置功能強大的空軍C波段雷達和太空望遠鏡,並明確表示這是美國將戰略轉向亞洲的一部分。這一前沿部署將使美每天能夠更好地跟踪確認多達200個亞太上空航天器及其軌道和潛在的異常現象。據美國媒體披露,美國空軍與洛克希德馬丁公司在今年2月啟動了未來“太空籬笆”新型雷達系統的建設工作,這也標誌著美國開始啟動了S波段地基雷達系統,該雷達系統將取代美國20世紀60年代研發的太空監視系統。俄羅斯《軍工新聞網》5月18日報導,美國空軍部長詹姆斯宣稱,美空軍已要求50億美元的預算以建立一個防禦系統,為可能發生的太空軍事衝突做準備。日本成立宇宙開發戰略總部和太空監測部隊,並提出今後10年將發射45顆衛星的宏偉目標,在積極發展第二代IGS偵察衛星系統的同時,正在謀求與東盟國家合作,構建一個以日本為中心、由68顆衛星組成的地球觀測衛星網絡,企圖從他國獲得情報並與美國共享的同時,加強對日本周邊海上要道、釣魚島及其附近海域的海洋監視能力。據日本共同社報導,新版《美日防衛合作指針》強調太空態勢感知的重要性,日本“準天頂”衛星系統與美國衛星定位系統將實現對接,美日將利用衛星加強海洋監視,通過共享全球海洋情報,確保海上通道安全等。俄已具備“偵、攻、防”一體的空間信息對抗能力,特別是在衛星通信對抗、導彈和空間防禦對抗、GPS對抗、激光對抗和動能反衛等方面,擁有雄厚的技術儲備。印度空間偵察監視衛星系統已初具規模,衛星通信網已覆蓋南亞及周邊地區,各軍種之間已實現近實時衛星通信。
空間信息對抗作戰建設發展應把握的著力點
抓好軍事鬥爭準備,必須努力掌握太空和網絡空間軍事鬥爭主動權,堅持問題導向和非對稱發展,按照精幹、聯合、多能、高效的要求,切實把好空間信息對抗作戰建設的著力點。
確立正確戰略指導。在重視制天權的基礎上,高度重視空間信息對抗建設發展問題,科學處理空間信息對抗力量與其他戰略力量發展的關係,保證優先重點發展空間信息對抗力量。貫​​徹新時期軍事戰略方針,統籌疆內與疆外、備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰,不斷實現重要領域和關鍵環節的新突破;把空間信息對抗建設納入軍隊信息化建設總體佈局,搞好空間信息對抗發展戰略籌劃;不斷完善作戰條令體系,促進空間信​​息對抗各項建設和工作有序開展。
堅持軍民融合發展。強化軍民融合發展觀念,發揮市場在資源配置中的基礎性作用,按照軍民融合式發展路子,通過法規建設,豐富融合形式、拓寬融合範圍、提高融合層次,在科研技術、武器裝備、人才培養等方面,進行全方位、多領域融合,為空間信息對抗建設提供豐富資源和發展後勁。注重發揮軍地智庫功能,加強空間信息對抗的理論和實踐問題研究,探索空間信息對抗理論體系,明確建設重點、制定具體計劃,豐富和發展行動指導,確保各項工作實質性推進。
構建專業力量體系。按照瞄準前沿、重點突破、跨越式發展的要求,加速構建空間信息對抗力量體系,盡快形成空間信息對抗能力。把空間信息對抗武器裝備切實擺上戰略位置,注重發揮空間信息對抗力量對傳統力量的帶動作用和空間信息力量與傳統力量的跨域聯合,實現信息在全維空間自由流動。積極推進空間信息對抗力量運用,進行空間信息偵察實時支援引導信息作戰行動的演習、試驗和訓練,盡快形成體係作戰能力。
關注技術創新。加強技術攻關力度,重視空間信息對抗關鍵技術創新,加緊探索空間信息對抗前沿技術,注重發展先進的衛星通信對抗、偵察和監視對抗、目標特徵識別、信息處理等技術,著力突破能夠推動空間信息對抗裝備更新的關鍵技術;高度關注、自主研發可能改變作戰樣式、作戰規則的顛覆性技術群,防止強敵對我形成技術上的戰略突然性,努力形成敵有我有、敵無我有的非對稱技術優勢。

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