中國未來戰爭：用大數據奪取制信息權

Source: 《中国科学报》

Information warfare is the flow of information to fight the war. From the conversion of the entire information flow point of view, who controls the most real flow of information, whoever controls the initiative in the war. Seize control of information has become the air superiority prerequisites command of the sea, it is the decisive factor in the future outcome of a war.

■ reporter Hu Min Qi

With the continuous development of information technology, human society has entered a letter of “big data era.” Every day, in every corner of the world sensors, mobile devices, social networks and online trading platform to generate hundreds of gigabytes of data.Obama administration even large data called a “future of the new oil,” Who will come to control the flow of data will dominate the future of the world. As we all know, in the military field has been mankind’s most advanced technology laboratory, big data will no doubt shape the future of the war brought a huge change.

Big Data “big” Where

US Global Institutes define big data as: a large scale in the acquisition, storage, management, analysis far beyond the capabilities of traditional database software tool data set (datasets).

Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher Wang Weiping told the computer “China Science News” reporter, big data, “big”, of course, first of all refers to the unprecedentedly large volume of data, far beyond the traditional level of computer processing data volume.

With the current popularity of high-speed computer network technology and the rapid development of the Internet, the information data by TB (1TB = 1024GB) level was raised to PB (1PB = 1024TB), EB (1EB = 1024PB), ZB (1ZB = 1024EB) level , and is still explosive growth. It is reported that, in 2010, officially entered the global era ZB 2012 global data reaches 5.2ZB, 2020, the world will have a total amount of data 35ZB. There is a vivid metaphor can help people understand the scale of the data. If 35ZB to burn all the data capacity of a 9GB disc superimposed height will reach 2.33 million km, equivalent to three round-trip between the Earth and the Moon.

Secondly, Wang Weiping said, “big” is also reflected in the type of data processing diversification, far beyond the traditional format and data analysis tools can handle.

Most of the conventional two-dimensional data structure presentation, but with the Internet, the rapid development of multimedia technology and the popularity of video, audio, images, e-mail, HTML, RFID, GPS and sensors to generate unstructured data, every year 60 % growth rate. We expected to account for over 80% of the amount of data in unstructured data.

In addition, he believes that big data also requires real-time data processing. Big data stream is often a high-speed real-time data streams, and often require rapid, continuous real-time processing, to seize the important events that occurred in the first time.

If you look from the military field, command and control systems, space-based support systems, information processing systems, various reconnaissance, surveillance, increasing the amount of information detection system, big data management in the command structure of the complex and also more important than ever . How massive battlefield data storage and in-depth analysis, how to determine the authenticity of the data, the reliability of data sources to ensure the security of data transmission is a key issue facing the warring parties.

Information warfare against large data requirements

Military theorists generally believe that, as early as the 90s of last century, the information war began to rise. It is a weapon of war by the use of information technology affect adversary information and information systems, to protect one’s own information and information systems, to obtain information superiority battlefield combat style. It is essentially by means of information operations, “information flow” control “energy flow” and “material flow”, depriving the enemy of information superiority, information superiority to maintain one’s own, thus seize control of information battlefield.

Military commentator 宋忠平 to “China Science News” reporter explained, the traditional network of information warfare include battle, conventional combat interference and anti-interference system under criminal investigation as well as detection and anti-detection and other content. “Information warfare is the flow of information to fight the war from the point of view convert the entire flow of information, who controls the most real flow of information, whoever controls the initiative in the war.” 宋忠平 he said, “to seize control of information air superiority has become a prerequisite for command of the sea, it is the decisive factor in the future outcome of a war. ”

But he also said that traditional information warfare in dealing with information and data encountered various challenges. The first is the limited traditional information channels, you can not get a lot of information. At the same time, not only a substantial increase in the amount of data, including various types of data in the form of situational awareness data, images, video intelligence, relying on existing information technology, can not be effectively analyze and process the data.

According to reports, the day of the outbreak of the war in Iraq, the US military forward command post in Qatar and Kuwait because the security agencies can not handle large amounts of data have to turn off the device, resulting in correspondence with some assault command post direction almost interrupted.

In addition, Song Zhongping pointed out, data sharing capabilities of traditional information system is relatively weak. “War is the traditional way of fighting off state, superior to subordinate assignments and perform offline, last victories to report a higher level. And only control one army general command of a division, because they tend to be as an independent combat units, which also led to the relevant departments are often their own business, the impact of coordinated operations efficiency. ”

In this context, information war on large data transfer, storage, analysis yielded specific requirements.

The first is the real-time requirements of data processing. Information warfare ultimately generated vast amounts of data collection and processing center to the command center at all levels, the steady stream of gathering data from a variety of sensors, intelligence agencies and the information transmitted to the center together, these data to be processed in real time. Song Zhongping believe that all the information even if it is a battlefield soldier needs to spread information command and control center through the large data to understand the situation frontline, under special circumstances even for a soldier’s equipment orders. Because he may be at the most favorable terrain, you can get maximum advantage.

Followed by data fusion. Song Zhongping proposed by datalink even pull a short road that used to take four to five orders of management skills, the future may only need to complete the three-level management, so as to contribute to the integration of operations, rather than individual branches of the military to fight alone anywhere, anytime to adjust operational command.

Moreover, in his view, the era of big data, in particular to increase the difficulty of defense information, for higher data security requirements. In general, the information war against information security requirements for data transmission is mainly reflected in addressing anti-eavesdropping, jamming and prevent the problem of false information to deceive. I am afraid the future needs a new defense mechanisms to ensure information security.

Thus, in the information war era of big data, the system of military confrontation countries will rely on a variety of military information systems, software and data to a greater extent, at the right time, the right place for the right decisions, directing control and provide the correct information. Leaving the information provided to achieve a reasonable distribution of fast, it is to have the data and unified management, so that the most immediate battlefield information to the department most urgently needed. With the increasing amount of data the battlefield, and efficient mass data storage and analysis, identify the enemy situation changes from the data, the most reasonable prediction of operational programs to better serve the massive data information war military service is a large data processing aims.

Military data mining challenge

However, Wang Weiping noted that a major challenge facing the era of big data is the low value of the density of information. Whether or intelligent systems analysts need to “needle in a haystack” to find useful information from massive data. “It also fully reflects the importance of data mining.” He stressed.

Data mining is a use in massive data analysis tools discovery process between model and data relationships that can help decision-makers to find a correlation between potential data, by discovering the hidden, overlooked factors, it is possible in data storage and management process, dig out important intelligence information, as a basis for decision-making and action.

According 宋忠平 revealed before the “September 11” incident, intelligence officers are judged to master a lot of data, but it ignores the valuable information.

Thus, after the “September 11” incident, the US Defense Advanced research projects in the following year’s annual technology conference, explains how to use the data in a unified and integrated database mining techniques.

The so-called new data sources is the “transaction space.” If the terrorists to plan and execute a terrorist activity, they will certainly leave some kind of “data footprint” in the information space. That is, they need to “deal.” Data records of such transactions, which can be communications, finance, education, health care, can also travel, transportation, immigration, housing and so on all other data records. It is the application data in the United States “transaction” space mining technology to detect and track terrorists.

It is understood that, in 2002, the big drug lords in Afghanistan preparing to provide funding for al-Qaeda and other terrorists, US military intelligence analysts is through data mining, data funds operational plan with the Al-Qaida Curry Curry’s case data in real time, independent association to guide the US military before the enemy further action.

So, how to enhance the ability of data mining technically. Wang Weiping told the “China Science News” reporter, at the entrance of the control of data quality is critical. That is, the data preparation is an important prerequisite for data mining, because it directly affects the accuracy and efficiency of data mining. “If all the data of varying quality into the channel, it is difficult and then the quality is not high, data processing, they will cause serious interference of useful information.”

In short, the data preparation phase, the need for data cleansing, and secondly, the need to analyze the selected data, reduction processing range. In data preprocessing stage, including the elimination of duplicate data, remove noise, missing data processing, data type conversion, etc. The purpose is to process the data into a form suitable for data mining, and on the basis of data selected on mining data for further reduction to reduce processing time and memory resources, making mining more efficient.

Future wars will change shape

The Obama administration on March 29, 2012 issued a “big data research and development initiatives” (Big Data Research and DevelopmentInitiative), will enhance the development of big data for national policy. The US Big Data project is an important part of the US national projects. It is understood that the United States Department of Defense and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under the existing big data projects a total of 10, wherein the data to decision-making, internal network threats, video search and analysis, X- and other project data are representative.

The most important data to decision-making projects, mainly refers to a variety of new ways to take advantage of huge amounts of data, integrate perception, cognition and decision support systems to create a truly autonomous system, making it possible to customize the motorized operation and decision-making ; video search and analysis; network project aimed at internal threats through the use of new cyber threats judgment technology to improve the accuracy of Discovery network spying activities, frequency and speed, so early exposure and prevent sabotage opponents, and enhance network security level of one’s own Once the project is successful, analysts massive video library will be able to quickly and accurately retrieve specific video content, thereby enabling fully, efficiently mine the useful information hidden in the image; X- data project mainly through the development of large capacity scalable data analysis algorithms needed to handle distributed data repository irregular data. Through the development of efficient human-computer interaction devices and visual user interface technology, in order to better diversify tasks, perform operations more quickly.

With the implementation and realization of large data projects, future wars revolutionary change may occur.

Song Zhongping considered one of the most important large-value data is predicted that the data algorithm is applied to a mass of data to predict the likelihood happening up, therefore, the ability to command and decision-making future war can produce a great leap forward.

He told the “China Science News” reporters, for example, as early as in the first Gulf War, the US military before the war with improved civil war games, war process, outcomes and casualties were deduction, the deduction results and the actual results of the war are basically the same. And before the war in Iraq, the US military use of computer systems wargame exercises, deduction “against Iraq” war plan. Then the reality of the invasion of Iraq and the US military victory actions, and also the results of war games are almost exactly the same. At this point, combat simulations have changed from manual mode to computer mode.

“Relying on big data and cloud computing platform, pre-war simulation deduction, from the use of weapons, to play war command means, it can be clearly revealed, as a basis for decision-making during the war.” 宋忠平 said, “Once operational plan has question, can adjust to ensure a minimum combat casualties and win. ”

Secondly, the integration of data is expected to break the barriers between the military services. Big Data can solve troops across military services, cross-sectoral coordination problems, truly integrated operations.

In addition, Song Zhongping believe big data can change the future form of war. In particular, the pursuit of large US data have supported autonomy unmanned combat platform.For example, currently the world’s most advanced unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, “Global Hawk”, to continuously monitor the moving target, to accurately identify the various types of aircraft ground, missiles, and vehicles, and even can clearly distinguish gear car tires. Song Zhongping pointed out that UAVs the ability to do real-time image transmission is critical. Currently, the US is using a new generation of very high frequency communications satellite as a support big data platform.

Future, UAVs could even get rid of human control to achieve full autonomy of action. US unmanned experimental aircraft X-47B is the representative of that already in the case of fully human intervention, automatically take off and land on aircraft carriers and perform combat missions.

“Global Hawk” unmanned aerial vehicles

Further reading  From Data to Decisions

Speed ​​of information processing information systems, target acquisition time situation, the decision cycle and fast response time determines the success of military operations. In the background of big data, speed up the transfer of battlefield information, shortening “from sensor to shooter” cycle, and “discovery that is destroyed,” the operational objectives, the most important issue information system must address. Therefore, the “Data to Decisions project” has become a big data project in the US the most critical one.Currently, the US Army has increased its massive information fusion capability, combat is building intelligent decision support system has made some achievements.

US Army Distributed Common Ground System

The end of 2012, the US Army has begun to deploy combat-proven through intelligence systems in the world. December 14, “the Army Distributed Common Ground System” (D6A) approved the Defense Acquisition Executive Committee (DAE) is responsible for implementation by.

Previously, D6A just as a quick reaction capability, successfully used in Iraq and Afghanistan. Currently D6A been approved for all Army troops, and has been deployed to all brigade-level units. “Rapid reaction capability” refers to a rapid deployment to meet the most immediate and most urgent needs of the system, such as combat environment, but it does not get the approval of the full deployment.

D6A task for the entire federal army and its intelligence agencies and between the Allies, processing, development and dissemination of information, instead of nine different types of legacy systems, an important part of the Army’s modernization program. D6A can help users to share applications, text files, graphics, photographs, maps, etc. Compared with the old system, D6A in 2012 and 2017 savings of $ 300 million. In the whole life cycle (2012 – 2034), D6A savings of approximately $ 1.2 billion.

“Titan” certification Tactical Network Information Technology

“Titan” certification Tactical Network Information Technology (Tactical Information Technology for Assured Networks, TITAN) functions similar to Web search engine application software, commanders for tactical operations center to monitor the received instruction information and publish updated. “Titan” to filter information according to specific mission requirements, clearing commander computer screen (desktop), providing topographic maps, pictures, and text links concise instruction template to form a common operational picture. “Titan” also provides a command post of the future (CPOF) and Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below / Blue Force Tracking Support (FBCB2-BFT) systems can be integrated with data from other critical areas.

Intelligent network control software mobile command center

Intelligent network control software mobile command center (Command and Control Mobile Intelligent Net-Centric Software) is a handheld mission command systems, can receive and publish one’s own and enemy forces location information, integrated from the tactical unattended ground sensors various types of sensors and radar detection system information to the enemy in order to achieve progress in real-time monitoring and protection of the weak areas.

Combatants companion artificial intelligence software

Warfighter partner (Warfighter Associate) artificial intelligence software that can automatically search for information about the dialogue between the various types of sensitive target text chat tool to detect soldiers advance will be reported to the command post of the future common operational picture, for example, when a troop of soldiers found minefields, usually manually enter the relevant information on the various information systems, the software can automatically extract the grid coordinates minefields will automatically enter the next command post system, 15 to 20 minutes in advance, in the common operating picture generate relevant information, otherwise the message will be delayed or submerged. Driving artificial intelligence technology, operational and tactical knowledge database theory, the “combatants partner” to complete the cleanup command post next screen, highlight important information, provide warnings and recommendations, and other auxiliary functions users perform the correct decision and action programs.

Original mandarin Chinese:

中國未來戰爭：用大數據奪取制信息權

信息戰打的就是信息流的戰爭。從整個信息流的轉換來看，誰控制了最真實的信息流，誰就控制了這場戰爭的主導權。奪取制信息權已經成為奪取制空權、制海權的先決條件，是未來戰爭勝敗的決定性因素。

■本報記者 胡珉琦

隨著信息化不斷發展，人類社會已經進入了一個不折不扣的“大數據時代”。每天，遍布世界各個角落的傳感器、移動設備、社交網絡和在線交易平台生成上百萬兆字節的數據。美國奧巴馬政府甚至將大數據稱為“未來的新石油”，誰掌控了數據流誰就將主宰未來世界。眾所周知，軍事領域一直都是人類最先進科技的實驗室，大數據無疑將給未來戰爭形態帶來巨大的改變。

大數據“大”在哪兒

麥肯錫全球研究所對大數據的定義是：一種規模大到在獲取、存儲、管理、分析方面大大超出了傳統數據庫軟件工具能力範圍的數據集合（datasets）。

中科院計算機所研究員王偉平告訴《中國科學報》記者，大數據的“大”，理所當然，首先指的是數據體量空前巨大，遠遠超出傳統計算機處理數據量的級別。

當前伴隨著計算機網絡技術的迅速發展和互聯網的高速普及，信息數據量已由TB（1TB=1024GB）級升至PB（1PB=1024TB）、EB（1EB=1024PB）、ZB（1ZB=1024EB）級，並仍在呈爆炸式地增長。據悉，全球在2010 年正式進入ZB 時代，2012 年全球數據量達到5.2ZB，預計到2020年，全球將總共擁有35ZB 的數據量。有一個形象的比喻可以幫助人們理解這些數據的規模。如果把35ZB 的數據全部刻錄到容量為9GB 的光盤上，其疊加的高度將達到233 萬公里，相當於在地球與月球之間往返三次。

其次，王偉平表示，“大”也體現在處理的數據類型多樣化，遠遠超出傳統數據格式和分析工具能處理的範疇。

以往數據大都以二維結構呈現，但隨著互聯網、多媒體等技術的快速發展和普及，視頻、音頻、圖片、郵件、HTML、RFID、GPS 和傳感器等產生的非結構化數據，每年都以60 %的速度增長。預計，非結構化數據將佔數據總量的80%以上。

此外，他認為大數據還要求數據處理的實時性。大數據的數據流往往為高速實時數據流，而且往往需要快速、持續的實時處理，能在第一時間抓住重要事件發生的信息。

如果從軍事領域看，指揮控制系統、天基支持系統、信息處理系統，各種偵察、監視、探測系統的信息量越來越大，大數據在指揮機構中的管理也變得空前重要和復雜。如何對海量戰場數據進行存儲與深度分析，如何判別數據的真實性，數據來源的可靠性，確保數據傳輸的安全性，是未來戰爭雙方面臨的問題。

信息化戰爭對大數據的要求

軍事理論界普遍認為，早在上個世紀​​90年代，信息化戰爭開始崛起。它是一種通過使用信息化戰爭武器影響敵方信息與信息系統，保護己方信息與信息系統，從而取得戰場信息優勢的作戰樣式。它本質上是通過信息作戰手段，以“信息流”控制“能量流”和“物質流”，剝奪敵方的信息優勢、保持己方的信息優勢，從而奪取戰場製信息權。

軍事評論員宋忠平向《中國科學報》記者解釋，傳統的信息戰包括了網絡攻防戰，常規作戰中的干擾與反干擾，還有刑偵系統下的偵測與反偵測等內容。 “信息戰打的就是信息流的戰爭。從整個信息流的轉換來看，誰控制了最真實的信息流，誰就控制了這場戰爭的主導權。”宋忠平說，“奪取制信息權已經成為奪取制空權、制海權的先決條件，是未來戰爭勝敗的決定性因素。”

但他也表示，傳統信息戰在處理信息以及數據方面遭遇到了各種挑戰。首先是傳統信息通道有限，無法一次獲取大量信息。同時，不僅僅是數據量大幅增加，數據形式包括了戰場感知數據、影像、視頻情報等各種類型，僅僅依靠現有信息技術，不能及時高效地分析和處理這些數據。

據報導，伊拉克戰爭爆發當日，美軍駐卡塔爾和科威特前進指揮所由於無法處理保障機構提供的海量數據，不得不關閉設備，從而造成指揮所與部分突擊方向的通信聯繫幾乎中斷。

此外，宋忠平指出，傳統信息系統的數據分享能力比較弱。 “傳統戰爭是一種離線狀態下的作戰方式，上級給下級分配任務，並在離線狀態下執行，最後向上級匯報一個戰果。而且命令一般只能管一個軍一個師，因為他們往往是作為一個獨立的作戰單位。這也導致了相關部門往往各自為營，影響協同作戰的效率。”

在這樣的背景下，信息化戰爭對大數據傳輸、存儲、分析產生了特殊的要求。

首先是數據處理的實時性要求。信息化戰爭中產生的海量數據最終要匯集到各級指揮中心和處理中心，這些數據源源不斷地從各種傳感器、情報機構以及信息中心傳輸匯聚到一起，要對這些數據進行實時處理。宋忠平認為，戰場所有信息哪怕是一個單兵的信息都需要通過大數據傳到指揮控制中心，以了解前線情況，特殊狀況下甚至可以對某個單兵的裝備下達命令。因為，他可能正處在最有利的地形，可以獲取最大的優勢。

其次是數據融合。宋忠平提出，通過使數據鏈的連路拉短，以前需要四至五級的管理才能下達命令，未來可能只需要三級管理完成，這樣才能有助於一體化作戰，而不是各個軍兵種單獨作戰，隨時隨地調整作戰指揮。

此外，在他看來，大數據時代，信息防禦難度尤其加大，對於數據安全要求更高。一般而言，信息化戰爭對數據傳輸的信息安全要求主要體現在解決防竊聽、抗干擾和防止虛假信息欺騙的問題上。未來恐怕需要一套新的防禦機制，以確保信息安全。

由此可見，在大數據時代的信息化戰爭中，各國軍事體系的對抗將在更大程度上依靠各種軍事信息系統、軟件和數據，在正確的時間、正確的地點為正確的決策、指揮和控制提供正確的信息。而使信息實現快速合理分發的前提，是要有對數據的統一調度和管理，讓最即時的戰場信息傳遞到最迫切需要的部門。隨著戰場數據量的增大，高效存儲與分析海量數據，從數據中發掘敵我態勢的變化，預測出最合理的作戰方案，使海量數據更好地為信息化戰爭服務是軍事大數據處理的目標。

軍事數據挖掘面臨挑戰

不過，王偉平指出，大數據時代面臨的一大挑戰是信息的價值密度低。無論是分析人員還是智能係統都需要“大海撈針”，從海量數據中找到有用信息。 “這也充分體現了數據挖掘的重要性。”他強調。

數據挖掘是一個在海量數據中利用各種分析工具發現模型與數據間關係的過程，它可以幫助決策者尋找數據間潛在的某種關聯，通過發現被隱藏的、被忽略的因素，就能夠在數據存儲和管理過程中，挖掘出重要的情報信息，作為決策和行動的依據。

據宋忠平透露，在“9·11”事件發生前，情報研判人員是掌握了大量數據的，但卻忽視了其中有價值的情報。

因此，在“9·11”事件之後，美國國防部高級項目研究在次年的技術年會上，闡述瞭如何在統一集成的數據庫中應用數據挖掘技術。

所謂新的數據資源就是“交易空間”。如果恐怖分子要計劃、執行一次恐怖活動，他們必定會在信息空間留下某種“數據腳印”。也就是說，他們需要“交易”。這種交易的數據記錄，可以是通訊、財務、教育、醫療，也可以是旅行、交通、出入境、房屋等等其他一切數據記錄。美國正是在“交易”空間中應用數據挖掘技術，從而發現和追踪恐怖分子的。

據了解，2002年，阿富汗境內的大毒梟準備為基地組織等恐怖分子提供資金時，美軍的情報分析人員正是通過數據挖掘，把作戰方案庫裡的數據與有關基地組織情況庫裡的資金數據進行實時、自主關聯，從而指導美軍先敵一步採取行動。

那麼，如何從技術上提升數據挖掘的能力。王偉平告訴《中國科學報》記者，在入口處對數據質量進行把控是非常關鍵的。也就是說，數據準備是數據挖掘的重要前提，因為它直接影響到數據挖掘的效率和精準度。 “如果質量參差不齊的數據統統進入通道，便很難再對質量不高的數據進行處理，他們將對有用信息造成嚴重的干擾。”

簡言之，在數據準備階段，需要對數據進行清洗，其次，選出需要分析的數據，縮小處理範圍。而在數據預處理階段，包括了消除重複數據、消除噪聲、遺漏數據處理、數據類型轉換等，目的是把數據處理成適合於數據挖掘的形式，並在數據選擇的基礎上對挖掘數據作進一步的約簡減少內存資源和處理時間，使挖掘更有效。

未來戰爭形態將發生改變

奧巴馬政府於2012年3月29日發布了《大數據研發倡議》（Big Data Research and DevelopmentInitiative），將大數據研發提升為國家政策。而美軍大數據項目正是美國國家項目的重要組成部分。據了解，美國國防部及其下屬國防高級研究計劃局現有的大數據項目共有10個，其中，數據到決策、網絡內部威脅、影像檢索與分析、X-數據項目等是具有代表性的。

最重要的數據到決策項目，主要指的是通過各種新途徑充分利用海量數據，整合感知、認知和決策保障系統，以創造一種真正自主的系統，使之可以自主機動作業並作出決策；網絡內部威脅項目目的是通過採用新式網絡威脅判斷技術，提高探知網絡刺探活動的精度、頻度和速度，從而及早暴露和防範對手的破壞活動，並提升己方的網絡安全水平；影像檢索與分析項目一旦取得成功，分析人員將能從海量視頻庫中快速、精確地檢索特定的視頻內容，由此便能充分、高效地挖掘影像中隱藏的有用信息； X-數據項目主要是通過開發大容量數據分析所需的可擴展算法， 以便處理分佈式數據存儲庫中的不規則數據。通過開發高效的人機互動設備和可視用戶界面技術，以便在多樣化任務中更好、更快地執行操作。

有了大數據項目的實施和實現，未來戰爭可能發生革命性的變化。

宋忠平認為，大數據最重要的價值之一是預測，把數據算法運用到海量的數據上來預測事情發生的可能性，因此，未來戰爭的指揮決策能力可以產生很大的飛躍。

他向《中國科學報》記者舉例，早在第一次海灣戰爭中，美軍戰前利用改進的民間兵棋，對戰爭進程、結果及傷亡人數進行了推演，推演結果與戰爭的實際結果基本一致。而在伊拉克戰爭前，美軍利用計算機兵棋系統進行演習，推演“打擊伊拉克”作戰預案。隨後美軍現實中進攻伊拉克並取得勝利的行動，也和兵棋推演的結果幾乎完全一致。至此，作戰模擬已經從人工模式轉變為計算機模式。

“依託大數據和雲計算平台，戰前的模擬推演，從武器使用、戰爭打法到指揮手段，都可以清晰地顯現，作為戰時決策的依據。”宋忠平說，“一旦發現作戰計劃有問題，可以及時調整，以確保實戰傷亡最小並取得勝利。”

其次，數據的融合有望打破軍種之間的壁壘。大數據可以解決軍隊跨軍種、跨部門協作的問題，真正實現一體化作戰。

除此之外，宋忠平認為，大數據可以改變未來的戰爭形態。美軍尤其追求大數據支撐的擁有自主能力的無人作戰平台。例如，目前全世界最先進的無人偵查機“全球鷹”，能連續監視運動目標，準確識別地面的各種飛機、導彈和車輛的類型，甚至能清晰分辨出汽車輪胎的齒輪。宋忠平指出，無人機能否做到實時地對圖像進行傳輸非常關鍵。目前，美國正使用新一代極高頻的通訊衛星作為大數據平台的支撐。

未來，無人機甚至有可能擺脫人的控制實現完全的自主行動。美軍試驗型無人戰鬥機X-47B就是這一代表，它已經可以在完全無人干預的情況下，自動在航母上完成起降並執行作戰任務。

“全球鷹”無人機

 

延伸閱讀

從數據到決策

信息系統的信息處理速度、目標態勢獲取時間、決策週期以及快速響應時間決定著軍事行動的成敗。在大數據背景下，加快戰場信息流轉，縮短“從傳感器到射手”的周期，實現“發現即摧毀”的作戰目標，成為信息系統建設必須解決的首要問題。因此，“數據到決策項目”成為了美軍大數據項目中最為關鍵的一個。目前，美陸軍已經提高了對海量信息的融合處理能力，正在建設的智能化作戰決策支持系統也取得了一些成果。

美陸軍分佈式通用地面系統

2012年底，美國陸軍開始在全球全面部署經過作戰驗證的情報系統。 12月14日，“陸軍分佈式通用地面系統”（D6A）獲得批准，並由國防採辦執行委員會（DAE）負責實施。

此前，D6A只是作為一種快速反應能力，成功用於伊拉克和阿富汗。目前D6A已獲批用於陸軍所有部隊，並已部署到所有旅級單位。 “快速反應能力”是指一種可以快速部署，以滿足最直接、最迫切需要的系統，比如作戰環境，但它不一定獲得了全面部署的批准。

D6A用於整個陸軍以及它與聯邦情報機構和盟軍之間的任務、處理、開發和傳播情報，取代了9種不同類型的舊系統，成為陸軍現代化計劃的重要組成部分。 D6A可以幫助用戶共享應用程序、文本文件、圖表、照片、地圖等等。與舊系統相比，D6A在2012～2017年可節約3億美元。而在整個壽命週期中（2012～2034年），D6A可節約大約12億美元。

“泰坦”認證網絡戰術信息技術

“泰坦”認證網絡戰術信息技術（Tactical Information Technology for Assured Networks， TITAN）的功能類似於網絡搜索引擎應用軟件，指揮官用於在戰術作戰中心監控接收到的信息和發布更新後的指令。 “泰坦”可根據具體任務需求過濾信息，清理指揮官的計算機屏幕（桌面），提供與地形圖、圖片和文本鏈接的簡明指令模板，以形成通用作戰圖。 “泰坦”還提供了對未來指揮所（CPOF）和21世紀部隊旅及旅以下作戰指揮／藍軍跟踪（FBCB2-BFT）系統的支持，可融合來自其他領域的關鍵數據。

智能式網絡中心移動指揮控制軟件

智能式網絡中心移動指揮控制軟件（Command and Control Mobile Intelligent Net-Centric Software）是一種手持式任務指揮系統，可接收和發布己方和敵軍部隊的位置信息，綜合來自戰術無人值守地面傳感器等各類傳感器和雷達探測系統的信息，從而實現對敵軍進展的實時監控和對薄弱區域的防護。

作戰人員伴侶人工智能軟件

作戰人員伴侶（Warfighter Associate）人工智能軟件，可自動搜尋各類文本交談工具，探測士兵之間有關敏感目標的對話信息，提前將其反饋給未來指揮所的通用作戰圖，例如當某部隊的士兵發現地雷場後，通常會在各類信息系統上人工輸入相關信息，該軟件能夠自動提取地雷場的網格坐標，將其自動輸入未來指揮所繫統，提前15～20分鐘，在通用作戰圖上生成相關信息，否則該信息會延遲或被淹沒。在人工智能技術、作戰理論與戰術知識數據庫的驅動下，“作戰人員伴侶”能完成清理未來指揮所顯示屏、突出重要信息、提供警告和建議等輔助用戶決策和執行正確的行動方案的功能。

Source: 《中国科学报》